[Mickey]

poll : optie 4 is rotten in de hel

Racism: A Mental Illness?

Carl Bell, M.D., Community Mental Health Council, Chicago, and the University of Illinois at Chicago


Some psychiatrists have advocated making racism a psychiatric disorder, whereas others have maintained that doing so is inappropriate because it would "medicalize" a social problem. It is amazing that neither side is willing to let scientific inquiry answer the question.

Most would agree that racism—the practice of racial discrimination, segregation, persecution, and domination on the basis of feelings and ideas of racial superiority—is mainly a product of learned behavior. After all, research informs us that a majority of explicitly racist persons do not have any psychopathology. However, isn't it possible for racism to also be a symptom of a psychiatric disorder? For example, we know that patients with a paranoid disorder project their unacceptable feelings and ideas onto other people and groups. So isn't it possible for these patients to project their unacceptable feelings and ideas onto different racial or ethnic groups? Additionally, is it possible that an individual exposed to trauma that was inflicted on him or her by a person from a different racial or ethic group might harbor racist attitudes toward that group? Furthermore, is it possible that persons with certain personality disorders—for example, paranoid or narcissistic personality disorder—might be more predisposed to racism than those who do not? These are all legitimate scientific questions that we as psychiatrists should be willing to test and answer.

Finally, isn't it possible for a European American who does not have any psychopathology but who was taught negative stereotypes of African Americans to find himself or herself in a dysfunctional employee-employer relationship with an African American who, although not anti-white, is pro-black. Wouldn't this situation be best characterized as two persons who have a relational disorder?

Because behavior is multidetermined, racism most likely has biological, psychological, and sociological origins. However, the psychiatric community has been reluctant to consider whether or not some forms of racism are manifestations of psychiatric disorders or constitute a psychiatric disorder. Maybe the question of racism as a mental illness is so contentious that it precludes consideration of the issue at all. We should let science, not our personal opinions, answer these questions. Maybe we should go a step further, and if some types of racism are found to be a mental illness or a symptom of a mental illness, developers of the next DSM should consider including other extreme prejudices, such as sexism, ageism, and heterosexism. Accordingly, some have proposed to examine "pathological bias" in a clinical context, because such an approach may lead to effective intervention with and treatment of individuals who manifest such problems.





artikel 2 :

When Power Does Not Corrupt

October 26, 2001

New research published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology reaffirms something that we have been saying for a long time -- that abusers are usually those who have a pretty low view of themselves.

The research was carried out by Jennifer Overbeck and Bernadette Park of the University of Colorado in Boulder.

The researchers took a number of participants at random and allotted them high-power or low-power roles in a computer E-mail game. In 3 studies, participants in the high-power role made decisions and determined the outcomes of interactions; low-power role players had no power and relied on high-power targets for outcome decisions. Studies 1 and 2 found that people who saw themselves as high powered better individuated low-power targets -- i.e. they empathised better with the low-powered.

However the third study showed that high-power role players' superior judgment can be impaired by including a task that directs their responsibility toward organizational rather than interpersonal concerns. In other words high powered people are better at looking after individuals rather than organizations.

This research tends to confirm one of the central pillars of the Fortinberry-Murray Method which says that it is a lack of self worth, and thus empowerment, which leads to people becoming abusive or uncaring about others. Those who feel empowered have a need to prove their 'power' by disempowering others. BM

Read more in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology online




Er moest een verklaring voor zijn en die is er , het zit in de genen, afwijkingen in het brein... eigenlijk moeten we medelijden hebben, die mensen zijn ziek,
laag zelfbeeld , laag iq , zwart/wit denken ( borderline type ) , geen succes
bij de andere sekse , houterige stap en armbewegingen, voordelen, angstige verstarde blik ( - psychotisch ) , waandenkbeelden, paranoia,.... de SP.A. en Groen moeten dringend middelen vrijmaken om deze mensen psychiatrisch te verzorgen...[edit]
[size=1]Edit:[/size]

[size=1]After edit by Mickey on 15-08-2005 at 21:19
Reason:
--------------------------------

poll : optie 4 is rotten in de hel

Racism: A Mental Illness?

Carl Bell, M.D., Community Mental Health Council, Chicago, and the University of Illinois at Chicago


Some psychiatrists have advocated making racism a psychiatric disorder, whereas others have maintained that doing so is inappropriate because it would "medicalize" a social problem. It is amazing that neither side is willing to let scientific inquiry answer the question.

Most would agree that racism—the practice of racial discrimination, segregation, persecution, and domination on the basis of feelings and ideas of racial superiority—is mainly a product of learned behavior. After all, research informs us that a majority of explicitly racist persons do not have any psychopathology. However, isn't it possible for racism to also be a symptom of a psychiatric disorder? For example, we know that patients with a paranoid disorder project their unacceptable feelings and ideas onto other people and groups. So isn't it possible for these patients to project their unacceptable feelings and ideas onto different racial or ethnic groups? Additionally, is it possible that an individual exposed to trauma that was inflicted on him or her by a person from a different racial or ethic group might harbor racist attitudes toward that group? Furthermore, is it possible that persons with certain personality disorders—for example, paranoid or narcissistic personality disorder—might be more predisposed to racism than those who do not? These are all legitimate scientific questions that we as psychiatrists should be willing to test and answer.

Finally, isn't it possible for a European American who does not have any psychopathology but who was taught negative stereotypes of African Americans to find himself or herself in a dysfunctional employee-employer relationship with an African American who, although not anti-white, is pro-black. Wouldn't this situation be best characterized as two persons who have a relational disorder?

Because behavior is multidetermined, racism most likely has biological, psychological, and sociological origins. However, the psychiatric community has been reluctant to consider whether or not some forms of racism are manifestations of psychiatric disorders or constitute a psychiatric disorder. Maybe the question of racism as a mental illness is so contentious that it precludes consideration of the issue at all. We should let science, not our personal opinions, answer these questions. Maybe we should go a step further, and if some types of racism are found to be a mental illness or a symptom of a mental illness, developers of the next DSM should consider including other extreme prejudices, such as sexism, ageism, and heterosexism. Accordingly, some have proposed to examine "pathological bias" in a clinical context, because such an approach may lead to effective intervention with and treatment of individuals who manifest such problems.





artikel 2 :

When Power Does Not Corrupt

October 26, 2001

New research published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology reaffirms something that we have been saying for a long time -- that abusers are usually those who have a pretty low view of themselves.

The research was carried out by Jennifer Overbeck and Bernadette Park of the University of Colorado in Boulder.

The researchers took a number of participants at random and allotted them high-power or low-power roles in a computer E-mail game. In 3 studies, participants in the high-power role made decisions and determined the outcomes of interactions; low-power role players had no power and relied on high-power targets for outcome decisions. Studies 1 and 2 found that people who saw themselves as high powered better individuated low-power targets -- i.e. they empathised better with the low-powered.

However the third study showed that high-power role players' superior judgment can be impaired by including a task that directs their responsibility toward organizational rather than interpersonal concerns. In other words high powered people are better at looking after individuals rather than organizations.

This research tends to confirm one of the central pillars of the Fortinberry-Murray Method which says that it is a lack of self worth, and thus empowerment, which leads to people becoming abusive or uncaring about others. Those who feel empowered have a need to prove their 'power' by disempowering others. BM

Read more in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology online




Er moest een verklaring voor zijn en die is er , het zit in de genen, afwijkingen in het brein... eigenlijk moeten we medelijden hebben, die mensen zijn ziek,
laag zelfbeeld , laag iq , zwart/wit denken ( borderline type ) , geen succes
bij de andere sekse , houterige stap en armbewegingen, voordelen, angstige verstarde blik ( - psychotisch ) , waandenkbeelden, paranoia,.... de SP.A. en Groen moeten dringend middelen vrijmaken om deze mensen psychiatrisch te verzorgen...[/size]

[size=1]Edit:[/size]

[size=1]After edit by Mickey on 15-08-2005 at 21:07
Reason:
--------------------------------

poll : optie 4 is rotten in de hel

Schizophrenia "Linked to Racism"

December 8, 2001

Two recent research findings have thrown into doubt many of the established beliefs about schizophrenia. It now turns out that the disease may not be entirely genetic or the result of prenatal miswiring after all.

Racism and discrimination may be contributory factors in the development of the illness, according to a controversial scientific study published in the British Medical Journal.

The research suggests for the first time that social factors have a major effect on people from ethnic minority groups with a medical predisposition to mental illness. The team at the British Institute of Psychiatry found the rate of schizophrenia in non-white ethnic minorities was highest in those areas where this group comprised a small proportion of the population and lowest where they made up a large population.

Scientists believe the higher rate of schizophrenia in such groups may be explained by increased exposure to, and reduced protection against, stress and life events.

They point to stress being caused possibly by overt discrimination, institutionalised racism and perceived alienation and isolation. Reduced protection from the effects of such stresses could be due to decreased social networks or social buffers in small dispersed ethnic minority populations.

The team carried out their research on 15 electoral wards in Camberwell, south London, which has a large Afro-Caribbean and African ethnic minority population.

Professor Robin Murray, who devised the study, said: "Schizophrenia is thought to have a biological component, but what's interesting in this study is that social factors have a huge effect."

Incidence of schizophrenia among Afro-Caribbeans and Africans in their own countries was much lower, which could be explained by the existence of greater social support networks in their own countries.

Mr Murray said: "In slightly unfamiliar situations you are more suspicious and it may push people who are a bit paranoid to become psychotic. It's social factors at work, rather than something wrong with the brain. The black population in the UK has more difficulty integrating and some of the more susceptible people are developing psychosis, where they wouldn't have done elsewhere."

Research in the US has shown that minorities, especially Afro-Americans, are more prone to mental disorders than are members of the dominant, Caucasian, culture.

artikel 2 :

When Power Does Not Corrupt

October 26, 2001

New research published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology reaffirms something that we have been saying for a long time -- that abusers are usually those who have a pretty low view of themselves.

The research was carried out by Jennifer Overbeck and Bernadette Park of the University of Colorado in Boulder.

The researchers took a number of participants at random and allotted them high-power or low-power roles in a computer E-mail game. In 3 studies, participants in the high-power role made decisions and determined the outcomes of interactions; low-power role players had no power and relied on high-power targets for outcome decisions. Studies 1 and 2 found that people who saw themselves as high powered better individuated low-power targets -- i.e. they empathised better with the low-powered.

However the third study showed that high-power role players' superior judgment can be impaired by including a task that directs their responsibility toward organizational rather than interpersonal concerns. In other words high powered people are better at looking after individuals rather than organizations.

This research tends to confirm one of the central pillars of the Fortinberry-Murray Method which says that it is a lack of self worth, and thus empowerment, which leads to people becoming abusive or uncaring about others. Those who feel empowered have a need to prove their 'power' by disempowering others. BM

Read more in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology online



Er moest een verklaring voor zijn en die is er , het zit in de genen, afwijkingen in het brein... eigenlijk moeten we medelijden hebben, die mensen zijn ziek,
laag zelfbeeld , laag iq , zwart/wit denken ( borderline type ) , geen succes
bij de andere sekse , houterige stap en armbewegingen, voordelen, angstige verstarde blik ( - psychotisch ) , waandenkbeelden, paranoia,.... de SP.A. en Groen moeten dringend middelen vrijmaken om deze mensen psychiatrisch te verzorgen...[/size]

[size=1]Before any edits, post was:
--------------------------------

Schizophrenia "Linked to Racism"

December 8, 2001

Two recent research findings have thrown into doubt many of the established beliefs about schizophrenia. It now turns out that the disease may not be entirely genetic or the result of prenatal miswiring after all.

Racism and discrimination may be contributory factors in the development of the illness, according to a controversial scientific study published in the British Medical Journal.

The research suggests for the first time that social factors have a major effect on people from ethnic minority groups with a medical predisposition to mental illness. The team at the British Institute of Psychiatry found the rate of schizophrenia in non-white ethnic minorities was highest in those areas where this group comprised a small proportion of the population and lowest where they made up a large population.

Scientists believe the higher rate of schizophrenia in such groups may be explained by increased exposure to, and reduced protection against, stress and life events.

They point to stress being caused possibly by overt discrimination, institutionalised racism and perceived alienation and isolation. Reduced protection from the effects of such stresses could be due to decreased social networks or social buffers in small dispersed ethnic minority populations.

The team carried out their research on 15 electoral wards in Camberwell, south London, which has a large Afro-Caribbean and African ethnic minority population.

Professor Robin Murray, who devised the study, said: "Schizophrenia is thought to have a biological component, but what's interesting in this study is that social factors have a huge effect."

Incidence of schizophrenia among Afro-Caribbeans and Africans in their own countries was much lower, which could be explained by the existence of greater social support networks in their own countries.

Mr Murray said: "In slightly unfamiliar situations you are more suspicious and it may push people who are a bit paranoid to become psychotic. It's social factors at work, rather than something wrong with the brain. The black population in the UK has more difficulty integrating and some of the more susceptible people are developing psychosis, where they wouldn't have done elsewhere."

Research in the US has shown that minorities, especially Afro-Americans, are more prone to mental disorders than are members of the dominant, Caucasian, culture.

artikel 2 :

When Power Does Not Corrupt

October 26, 2001

New research published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology reaffirms something that we have been saying for a long time -- that abusers are usually those who have a pretty low view of themselves.

The research was carried out by Jennifer Overbeck and Bernadette Park of the University of Colorado in Boulder.

The researchers took a number of participants at random and allotted them high-power or low-power roles in a computer E-mail game. In 3 studies, participants in the high-power role made decisions and determined the outcomes of interactions; low-power role players had no power and relied on high-power targets for outcome decisions. Studies 1 and 2 found that people who saw themselves as high powered better individuated low-power targets -- i.e. they empathised better with the low-powered.

However the third study showed that high-power role players' superior judgment can be impaired by including a task that directs their responsibility toward organizational rather than interpersonal concerns. In other words high powered people are better at looking after individuals rather than organizations.

This research tends to confirm one of the central pillars of the Fortinberry-Murray Method which says that it is a lack of self worth, and thus empowerment, which leads to people becoming abusive or uncaring about others. Those who feel empowered have a need to prove their 'power' by disempowering others. BM

Read more in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology online


Er moest een verklaring voor zijn en die is er , het zit in de genen, afwijkingen in het brein... eigenlijk moeten we medelijden hebben, die mensen zijn ziek,
laag zelfbeeld , laag iq , zwart/wit denken ( borderline type ) , geen succes
bij de andere sekse , houterige stap en armbewegingen, voordelen, angstige verstarde blik ( - psychotisch ) , waandenkbeelden, paranoia,.... de SP.A. en Groen moeten dringend middelen vrijmaken om deze mensen psychiatrisch te verzorgen...[/size]

[/edit]