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Oud 12 mei 2017, 08:46   #5
Micele
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Originele links, eerste met video:

Citaat:
http://www.ubergizmo.com/2017/05/sel...educe-traffic/

One of the reasons why self-driving vehicles might be better than one driven by humans is safety. This is because computers make all the split-second decisions and can sometimes detect things we did not know was there, or because we did not pay enough attention to the road.

Ultimately this means less accidents on the road, and also means less traffic congestions since all cars will know where they need to go and drivers don’t have to second guess themselves. In fact a recent experiment conducted by researchers over at the University of Illinois has proven that self-driving cars can indeed reduce traffic, which you can see in the video above.

Basically what the researchers have done is that they introduced just a single self-driving car into a fleet of cars, and found that one self-driving car was enough to reduce traffic. Not only did this help alleviate traffic, but it was also found that fuel consumption had gone down as the self-driving car was capable of driving more efficiently thanks to the sensors on board that allowed it to know when to brake, how much to brake, and so on.

Speaking to Phys.org, Daniel Work, a lead researcher in the study said, “Our experiments show that with as few as five percent of vehicles being automated and carefully controlled, we can eliminate stop-and-go waves caused by human driving behaviour.” That being said, we’re probably still quite some time away from being able to see self-driving cars become commercially available, but if this video is any indication, it will be worth the wait.
Citaat:
https://www.engadget.com/2017/05/10/...-made-traffic/

A single autonomous car could greatly reduce man-made traffic
Mixing self-driving cars with human motorists can negate our terrible driving.
...

While humans somehow naturally create stop-and-go traffic even without lane changes or other disruptions, thanks to the robotic racer, both traffic and fuel consumption were reduced by 40 percent.

This isn't the first example of modern tech helping to reduce congestion. With fixed traffic sensors widely swapped for navigation systems using GPS data, Professor Daniel B. Work believes that automated cars could be the next step -- replacing the traffic-reducing variable speed limits. The next stage of the experiment is to test autonomous cars in situations where both human and AI drivers have to change lanes. From our experience with freeways, we already feel bad for the robot cars.

Still, this isn't the only way that drivers can use automation to reduce traffic. With the margin of human error being so high, the same study suggests that even existing tech like adaptive cruise control has the power to greatly reduce the amount of traffic on our roads.

With many people understandably wary at the prospect of roads completely ruled by automated cars, the idea of mixing a few with regular vehicles seems like a good way to pilot the risky tech.
Natuurlijk heeft een moderne goede ACC ook al serieus effect, toch indien de bestuurder het goed inzet. ACC bestaat al ruim meer dan 10 jaar in de Oberklasse, en is zodanig geevolueerd en in prijs gedaald, dat vandaag zelfs het kleinwagensegment het al aanbiedt, maar daarom gebruiken die mensen het nog altijd niet op de goede manier, of vertrouwen het mss niet...

Maar een zelfrijdende wagen is heel wat meer dan een ACC (heeft kleine frontradar), iemand die autonoom laat rijden, of minstens level 3, zal in de regel niet meer ingrijpen op de snelweg, ttz hij-zij doet geen domme dingen meer. Hij zal ook nooit onnodig van rijstrook wisselen, en laat dat in noodgevallen steeds aan de auto over, die ziet veel verder en veel meer als de twee ogen van een mens en wat spiegels die niet altijd gebruikt worden..., een autonome wagen zal bvb minstens 8 camera's hebben, talrijke sensors ook voor het directe dodehoekbereik, en dan nog minstens een (front)radar voor slechte omstandigheden, al die hardware detecteert ook alles bij donkerheid...

Citaat:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_cruise_control
Adaptive cruise control

Doorstroming

Een derde voordeel is het mogelijke positieve effect op de doorstroming (verkeersafwikkeling). De menselijke bestuurder kenmerkende grilligheid zal door de toepassing van automatisch ingrijpende systemen kunnen worden getemperd.[bron?] Bij een voldoende gebruik van ACC zullen onnodige fluctuaties in snelheid en volgafstanden verminderen en zal een uniformere verkeersstroom ontstaan waardoor de dichtheid en de gemiddelde snelheid op een rijstrook zullen toenemen.[bron?] De effecten op de wegcapaciteit zijn echter sterk afhankelijk van de instellingen van het systeem, zoals de minimale gewenste volgtijd, die door de gebruiker kan worden ingesteld binnen de range van mogelijke instellingen die door de fabrikant zijn toegelaten. Schattingen van de mogelijke capaciteitstoename liggen tussen 0 en 25%, afhankelijk van de systeemkarakteristieken en aandeel uitgeruste voertuigen.[1]

Verdere ontwikkelingen[bewerken]

Het ACC systeem is cruciaal bij de integratie van geavanceerde rijhulpsystemen in voertuigen.[bron?] Deze rijhulpsystemen maken gebruik van de ACC-sensor in de voorbumper om de bestuurder via een akoestisch of visueel signaal te waarschuwen voor een mogelijke botsing. Afhankelijk van het systeem kan naast een waarschuwend signaal ook remkracht bijgegeven worden indien de bestuurder niet genoeg remt, of het systeem kan het voertuig volledig automatisch tot stilstand brengen.
Een aantal studies van constructeurs toont aan dat deze systemen een groot deel van de kop-staartbotsingen kunnen vermijden. Een studie van Mercedes-Benz toont aan dat dergelijke remsystemen 20% van de kop-staartbotsingen kunnen vermijden.[2]
Welke constructeurs bieden ACC (niet) aan:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstan...en_Herstellern

Citaat:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car
...
Level 2 (”hands off”): The automated system takes full control of the vehicle (accelerating, braking, and steering). The driver must monitor the driving and be prepared to immediately intervene at any time if the automated system fails to respond properly. The shorthand ”hands off” is not meant to be taken literally. In fact, contact between hand and wheel is often mandatory during SAE 2 driving, to confirm that the driver is ready to intervene.

Level 3 (”eyes off”): The driver can safely turn their attention away from the driving tasks, i.e. the driver can do texting or watch a movie. The vehicle will handle situations that call for an immediate response, like emergency braking. The driver must still be prepared to intervene within some limited time, specified by the manufacturer, when called upon by the vehicle to do so.

Level 4 (”mind off”): As level 3, but no driver attention is ever required for safety, i.e. the driver may safely go to sleep or leave the driver's seat. Self driving is supported only in limited areas (geofenced) or under special circumstances, like traffic jams. Outside of these areas or circumstances, the vehicle must be able to safely abort the trip, i.e. park the car, if the driver does not retake control.

Level 5 (”wheel optional”): No human intervention is required. An example would be a robot taxi.

...

Potential advantages[edit]

Among the anticipated benefits of automated cars is the potential reduction in traffic collisions (and resulting deaths and injuries and costs), caused by human-driver errors, such as delayed reaction time, tailgating, rubbernecking, and other forms of distracted or aggressive driving.[12][17][18][56]

Consulting firm McKinsey & Company estimated that widespread use of autonomous vehicles could "eliminate 90% of all auto accidents in the United States, prevent up to US$190 billion in damages and health-costs annually and save thousands of lives."[57]

If a human driver isn't required, automated cars could also reduce labor costs;[58][59] relieve travelers from driving and navigation chores, thereby replacing behind-the-wheel commuting hours with more time for leisure or work;[12][56] and also would lift constraints on occupant ability to drive, distracted and texting while driving, intoxicated, prone to seizures, or otherwise impaired.[60][61][14] For the young, the elderly, people with disabilities, and low-income citizens, autonomous cars could provide enhance mobility.[62][63][64]

Additional advantages could include higher speed limits;[65] smoother rides;[66] and increased roadway capacity; and minimized traffic congestion, due to decreased need for safety gaps and higher speeds.[67][68] Currently, maximum controlled-access highway throughput or capacity according to the U.S. Highway Capacity Manual is about 2,200 passenger vehicles per hour per lane, with about 5% of the available road space is taken up by cars. According to a study by researchers at Columbia University, autonomous cars could increase capacity by 273% (~8,200 cars per hour per lane).
The study also estimated that with 100% connected vehicles using vehicle-to-vehicle communication, capacity could reach 12,000 passenger vehicles per hour (up 445% from 2,200 pc/h per lane) traveling safely at 120 km/h (75 mph) with a following gap of about 6 m (20 ft) of each other.
Currently, at highway speeds drivers keep between 40 to 50 m (130 to 160 ft) away from the car in front. These increases in highway capacity could have a significant impact in traffic congestion, particularly in urban areas, and even effectively end highway congestion in some places.[69]

There would also be an improved ability to manage traffic flow,[13] combined with less need for traffic police, vehicle insurance;[58] or even road signage, since automated cars could receive necessary communication electronically (although roadway signage may still be needed for any human drivers on the road).[70][71][72] Reduced traffic congestion and the improvements in traffic flow due to widespread use of autonomous cars will also translate into better fuel efficiency.[64][73][74]


Widespread adoption of autonomous cars could reduce the needs of road and parking space in urban areas, freeing scarce land for other uses such as parks, public spaces, retail outlets, housing, and other social uses. Some academics think it could also contribute, along with automated mass transit, to make dense cities much more efficient and livable.[64][75][76][77]

The vehicles' increased awareness could reduce car theft,[16] while the removal of the steering wheel—along with the remaining driver interface and the requirement for any occupant to assume a forward-facing position—would give the interior of the cabin greater ergonomic flexibility. Large vehicles, such as motorhomes, would attain appreciably enhanced ease of use.[78]
When used for carsharing, the total number of cars is reduced.[79]

Furthermore, new business models (such as mobility as a service) can develop, which aim to be cheaper than car ownership by removing the cost of the driver.[80] Finally, the robotic car could drive unoccupied to wherever it is required, such as to pick up passengers or to go in for maintenance (eliminating redundant passengers).[68][81][82]
__________________
De vuile waarheid over ICE (vanaf 1 min 35")
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mk-LnUYEXuM
Nederlandse versie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kekJgcSdN38
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