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Banaan: eerste grote slachtoffer monocultuur-landbouw? ==> voedselramp in de maak
Zie: Reportage
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De plantain staat daar maar te staan, hoewel hij veel lekkerder, gezonder en zoeter is dan de Eurobanaan. |
De GGO-bananen van Prof. Swennen
Banana Genes Could Save Ugandan Staple, but the Seeds Stay in a Lab
By Roger Thurow, Brandon Mitchener and Scott Kilman The Wall Street Journal December 26, 2002 Ugandans devour more bananas than anyone else on earth -- about 500 pounds per person per year (225 kg per persoon per jaar). They eat banana pancakes, banana mash, banana chips, banana bread. They season their beans with banana salt. They guzzle banana beer and sip banana gin. So it's a national emergency when disease and pests devastate this staple crop. (...) The most promising solution, though, is bottled up in a test tube in the world's foremost banana lab 4,000 miles (6.500 km) away in Belgium. There, scientist Rony Swennen has genetically modified banana cells to resist the leaf disease. Since 1994 his creation has literally been on ice, in frozen suspension, awaiting the chance to be planted in a test field in a tropical country. His hopes soared three years ago when the Ugandan government came to him for help. He was promised that legislation would soon be enacted to bring his bio-engineered bananas into the country. He is still waiting. Until Uganda constructs a legal framework, officials say he can't proceed. "It's outrageous when you have the tools to do the job but no one allows you to do it," says Prof. Swennen, forlornly showing off his test-tube creation. "I can't get it into the fields," he complains. "Everyone has their own agendas." What has happened on the way to a better banana plant is that Uganda's urgent agenda has become pinned down in the heated crossfire between the U.S. and Europe over the future of genetically modified foods. The U.S. government and American biotech industry are pushing to bring genetically modified, or GM, seeds to Africa. The European Union, where consumers are deeply suspicious of the safety of lab-altered food, is trying to convince the Africans to adopt their own go-slow approach to biotech. The stakes are enormous. The U.S. biotechnology industry has nearly saturated its major domestic markets with its first wave of plants. It is hungry for new markets and, even more so, favorable publicity to counter international fears that it is unleashing 'Frankenfoods' on the world. The industry hopes to polish its image with examples of biotechnology helping African farmers overcome pests, poor soil and drought. For EU officials, the spread of biotechnology into Africa poses slippery political problems. European consumers are so leery of the technology that EU governments have had a de facto moratorium on new GM crops for four years. European countries have hinted that imports from their former colonies could be jeopardized if they switched to bio-engineered crops. That would dent the already bruised economies of Africa, whose biggest export customer is Europe. Africa is once again caught in the middle, as it so often is in geopolitical skirmishes fought by the world's developed nations. During the Cold War, this continent was the proxy battleground between the Western and Soviet blocs, with each backing various governments and rebel movements to win over more "client states." Now, Africa, which desperately needs to find a way out of its chronic food crises, is the proxy battleground in the biotech struggle. It brings to life the popular African proverb that says when two elephants fight it is the ants that get trampled. "We didn't want to get into a war over bananas, but we've ended up getting caught in the middle of something that's beyond us," says C. F. Mugoya, the associate executive secretary of the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology, the country's gatekeeper for GM projects. "If I want to eat a biotech banana here, the U.S. shouldn't care and Europe shouldn't care. If science offers us a solution, we should go for it if we want." Push for Test-Tube Bananas In 1999, the Ugandan government was moving aggressively toward embracing biotech crops. The crisis in the banana fields was so acute -- in parts of the country, some 80% of plants were being crippled by Black Sigatoka -- that the government pledged to spend $2.5 million over five years on the banana biotech project. It was the first time the Ugandan government, one of the poorest in the world, had put so much money into scientific research. The university dispatched a student to work with Prof. Swennen in Belgium. Plans were made to transfer his test-tube bananas to Uganda. Then the contretemps over the safety of bio-engineered food between the U.S. and the EU erupted in Uganda, and the fast-track progress hit the brakes. Initially, scientists hoped that by the end of 2001 the government would have approved legislation setting up the legal framework to allow biotech experiments and GM seeds into the country. Now, with rumors spreading that GM food can cause allergies, sterility and deformities, the government has slowed its deliberations to let the public debate percolate in open workshops and newspaper and television forums. The new law may not be in place until the end of 2003. Until then, all field trials in Uganda are on hold. "Originally the politicians were 100% in support of us," says W.K. Tushemereirwe, the leader of Uganda's national banana research program. "Now, with the whole debate from abroad coming here, they are asking, 'are you sure about this?' " "If you say 'biotech' here, all hell breaks loose," says John Aluma, the deputy director general of Uganda's National Agricultural Research Organization. He bemoans the emotions that have ensnarled his science. Economic risks also cloud African biotech efforts. When Ugandan scientists considered an application by U.S. crop biotechnology giant Monsanto Co. to test genetically modified cotton in Uganda, the country's cotton industry lodged an urgent protest. The United Kingdom and other European countries, it said, were threatening to stop imports of Ugandan cotton, worth $19 million a year, if its character was genetically altered. This gave additional fuel to John Bigyemano, the executive director of the Uganda Consumers' Protection Association and a leading antagonist of biotechnology here. "For us to embrace GM now is shooting ourselves in the foot," he says. How the fight between the U.S. and Europe plays out could well determine to what extent Africa will use biotechnology to tackle its most intractable problems. Millions of tons of sweet potato, maize, bananas and cassava, crops upon which Africa's poorest depend, are lost each year to pests, disease and drought. Projects underway to give these plants the genetic blueprints to resist assault from the elements could mean the difference between life and death for many Africans. Other scientists are exploring using biotech crops to deliver vaccines and vitamins that can ward off human disease where medical care is scarce. "We missed the Green Revolution. We don't want to miss the GM revolution," says Patrick Rubaihayo, professor of plant breeding and genetics at Uganda's Makerere University who is overseeing students working on the banana biotech project. "We're being fed by Europe, Asia and the U.S. If we miss the GM revolution, then we're finished." He shakes his head at the quandary. "Our government is asking us, 'Who's telling the truth on GM? European organizations say it's not safe, the U.S. says it is. (...) Funding, Protest Worries In the Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement at the Catholic University in Leuven, Belgium, just outside Brussels, Prof. Swennen nervously bides his time, surrounded by 1,000 varieties of bananas and their cousin, the plantain. He fears that any rash move by him to plant his test-tube creation in Uganda or anywhere else in the tropics would trigger protests and jeopardize any prospect of biotech bananas being planted. He also worries that the lab's $2.5 million in funding, which began before the biotech controversy arose, would be threatened. "I'd have to close up," he says. "I'm scared I'd run out of money." (...) Uit: Artikel |
Ja, we hebben ook hier aan de KULeuven 's werelds grootste bananen-databank, de "International Musa Germplasm Collection".
http://bananas.bioversityinternation...12/31/lang,en/ Er valt daar veel mee te toen. Laat de Eurobanaan maar uitsterven. |
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Citaat: "Ugandans devour more bananas than anyone else on earth.
About 500 pounds per person per year." Da's 225 kg per persoon per jaar. Ongeveer 600 gram per dag. Heb wat gezocht naar bevestiging van deze informatie. Blijkt te kloppen. Om een en ander in context te plaatsen kunnen we enkele berekeningen doen. Hoeveel calorieën hebt U nodig, per dag? Hier En hoeveel calorieën bevat 100 gram banaan? Hier |
Die link die jij geeft raad aan om 500 kCalorieën MINDER te gebruiken per dag, de gebruikelijke inname ligt daarom iets hoger:
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Deze persoon heeft 2.450 (kilo)calorieën per dag nodig.
De gemiddelde Oegandees, die dagelijks 600 gr. banaan eet. Die neemt 500 (kilo)calorieën tot zich. |
Nr 10, je kan ook de Food Balance Sheets op FAOstat nakijken:
http://faostat.fao.org/site/502/Desk...spx?PageID=502 Op basis van die database: de gemiddelde Congolees krijgt: -1605 kcal per dag binnen (veel te weinig dus) -waarvan slechts 33.66 kcal van dierlijke producten -893 kcal van cassava (het basisvoedsel) -8.77 kcal van bananen -19.73 kcal van plantains De gemiddelde Oegandees krijgt 33.2 kcal aan banaan binnen en 418.5 kcal aan plantain binnen per dag. Grote plantain-eters dus. |
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Plantains zijn niet echter dan de B banaan die we hier krijgen hoor. Het zijn uiteindelijk allemaal varianten van hetzelfde genus. Citaat:
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Nu wordt er veel voor de exportmarkt gekweekt, door grote bedrijven, zonder dat de plaatselijke bevolking daar iets van ziet. Als die monoculturen kapotgaan, komt er goei land beschikbaar dat de lokale bevolking misschien wel ten goede kan komen. |
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Velen beginnen dat model in twijfel te trekken en zien ontwikkelingslanden graag "leapfroggen" naar een postmodern model, waarin de logica helemaal wordt omgekeerd. De moderniteit is als model niet langer zinnig: het gebruikt brute kracht (qua energie bijvoorbeeld), brute sociale modellen van uitsluiting, brute 'strip mining' van de planeet, brute verschraling van de cultuur en de biodiversiteit, enzovoort. Er vallen toch meer en meer mensen voor een nieuw model dat meer gebaseerd is op slim en efficiënt lokalisme, op duurzaamheid en op sociale solidariteit. Het recente grote rapport van de VN over de toestand van de landbouw en waar we naartoe moeten is formeel: de grote modernistische industriële landbouw (waar gij naar verwijst), kan niet langer als model dienen. Dat systeem is failliet want veel te destructief. Het vernietigt alles: land, bodems, biodiversiteit, de atmosfeer, gemeenschappen, etc... Meer dan 400 wetenschappers namen de voorbije drie jaar alle hedendaagse kennis over landbouw en landbouwkundige technologie door om na te gaan waar we naar toe moeten. Dat resulteerde in de zogenaamde "International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development" (IAASTD). Hun antwoord is: weg van de geïndustrialiseerde landbouw, vooruit naar een kleinschalige, lokale, slimme landbouw. "Vooruit" en dus niet "terug", want dat kleinschalige en lokale model zal wel gebaseerd worden op serieuze wetenschap. |
PS: Zwitser, pas op hé, ik ben zelf de eerst om de slaagkansen van dat voorgestelde kleinschalige model in twijfel te trekken hoor. Daar niet van.
Alleen mag het wel duidelijk zijn dat er aan het modernistische model van de zware industrie en de intensieve monocultuur-landbouw enorme nadelen zijn. |
Volgens die Leuvens prof waren er +2000 soorten banaan. Het kan toch niet dat enkel Chiquita bananen dan geschikt zijn voor commercialisatie hé!
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Maar het probleem is dat als we die diversiteit weer reduceren tot één soort die we op monoculturele wijze gaan verbouwen, dat we dan binnen de korste keren weer met datzelfde probleem zitten: een ziekte die den helen boel vernielt. We moeten dus een ander model kiezen, waarin monoculturen vervangen worden door polyculturen, die veel robuuster zijn. |
Zucht, is er eigenlijk wel iets dat geen ramp wordt ? Eens kijken wat we al hebben gehad :
kometen, aardbevingen, supervulkanen, het vrouwelijk hormoon, global warming, scheten van koeien die global warming veroorzaken, verzwakking van het mannelijk zaad,.... |
Iaastd
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"IAASTD = a multistakeholder Bureau cosponsored by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Bank and World Health Organization (WHO). The IAASTD’s governance structure is a unique hybrid of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the nongovernmental Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA)." ==> uitbegreid eenmalig rapport voorgesteld 15 april 2008 laatstleden IAASTD is een eenmalig initiatief (2005 - 2007) 400 wetenschappers werden globaal geconsulteerd Meer info: IAASTD ![]() |
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