| Micele |
15 november 2016 10:55 |
Citaat:
Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door Karel Martel B
(Bericht 8290474)
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Ook:
https://www.scientias.nl/co2-concent...-meer-zo-snel/
Maar de aardopwarming stijgt verder, want het is niet alleen CO2 die voor de opwarming zorgt er zijn er nog vele andere, wat daarmee?
Wat met het stijgende (ultra)fijnstof of Black Carbon dat direct impact heeft op de temperatuur én direct gezondheidsschadelijk is? PM1 wordt namelijk niet werelwijd gemonitord, en PM 0,1 zeker niet. Dat PM10/PM2,5 wslk plaatselijk afneemt is omdat het ook - plaatselijk - gemonitord wordt...
Citaat:
lokale en globale gevolgen in de tijd
Wat zijn de gevolgen van die stoffen?
Luchtvervuiling schaadt lokaal onze gezondheid en onze onmiddellijke omgeving, de ons omringende natuur. Broeikasgassen schaden wereldwijd ons milieu en zorgen voor temperatuurstijgingen en extreem weer - en de bijbehorende schade en slachtoffers.
De tabel hieronder toont een aantal eigenschappen van die stoffen.
Bron: Professor Michela Maione van University degli Studi, Urbino, bespreekt luchtkwaliteit en klimaatverandering en de nieuwe inzichten waarmee een pragmatische aanpak beide problemen op korte termijn kunnen verminderen
http://www.ademloos.be/factchecker/d...of-klimaat-co2
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Citaat:
http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2016/03...-black-carbon/
The Damaging Effects of Black Carbon
BY RENEE CHO|MARCH 22, 2016
Air pollution, both outdoors and indoors, causes millions of premature deaths each year. The deaths are mainly caused by the inhalation of particulate matter. Black carbon, a component of particulate matter, is especially dangerous to human health because of its tiny size. But black carbon not only has impacts on human health, it also affects visibility, harms ecosystems, reduces agricultural productivity and exacerbates global warming.
The World Health Organization’s new report on disease from preventable environmental risks attributes 3.7 million premature deaths in 2012 to outdoor air pollution, and 4.3 million to household air pollution. The breathing in of particulate matter (composed of black carbon, sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, mineral dust and water) that measures 10 microns or less in diameter (PM10), poses the greatest health risks because the particles can find their way deep into lungs and the bloodstream, and cause cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and premature death. Formed by the incomplete burning of fossil fuels, biofuels and biomass, black carbon, has a diameter of less than 2½ microns (PM2.5).
A major constituent of soot, black carbon is the most solar energy-absorbing component of particulate matter and can absorb one million times more energy than CO2. The amount of energy stored in the atmosphere is measured as watts per square meter of Earth’s surface; a 2013 study estimated black carbon’s effect to be 1.1 watts per square meter per year, second only to carbon dioxide, which is responsible for 1.56 watts per square meter. In other words, black carbon is the second largest contributor to climate change after CO2. But unlike CO2, which can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds to thousands of years, black carbon, because it is a particle, remains in the atmosphere only for days to weeks before it returns to earth with rain or snow.
Because black carbon absorbs solar energy, it warms the atmosphere. When it falls to earth with precipitation, it darkens the surface of snow and ice, reducing their albedo (the reflecting power of a surface), warming the snow, and hastening melting.
Black carbon, like all particles in the atmosphere, also affects the reflectivity, stability and duration of clouds and alters precipitation. Depending on how much soot is in the air and where black carbon sits in the atmosphere, it has different effects. If it absorbs heat at the level where clouds are forming, they will evaporate. When it lies above lower stratocumulus clouds that block the sun, it stabilizes them and thus has a cooling effect. Because black carbon interacts with other components of particulate matter, such as sulfates and nitrates that reflect sunlight and cool the atmosphere, scientists do not know exactly how much black carbon itself directly contributes to global warming. [...]
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