[Micele]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door zonbron

Lees mss de titel van het document nog eens.

Toch veelzeggend, niet ?

En het Pentagon, dat zijn niet zomaar 'bepaalde fanaten', dat zijn 'DE fanaten'

Is idd veelzeggend, dat kunnen namelijk de toekomstige 4-sterren generaals zijn...

Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025

A Research Paper Presented To Air Force 2025

by
Col Tamzy J. House
Lt Col James B. Near, Jr.
LTC William B. Shields (USA)
Maj Ronald J. Celentano
Maj David M. Husband
Maj Ann E. Mercer
Maj James E. Pugh

August 1996

Disclaimer
2025 is a study designed to comply with a directive from the chief of staff of the Air Force to examine the concepts, capabilities, and technologies the United States will require to remain the dominant air and space force in the future.
Presented on 17 June 1996, this report was produced in the Department of Defense school environment of academic freedom and in the interest of advancing concepts related to national defense.

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States government.

This report contains fictional representations of future situations/scenarios. Any similarities to real people or events, other than those specifically cited, are unintentional and are for purposes of illustration only.

This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities, is unclassified, and is cleared for public release.

YT -google op James B. Near (filmpje met dezelfde referte):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=661F0VHmjgk

With the Drudge Report Headline "Weather warning for ND -- blizzard!" Weather Modification is in full swing Late Friday night April 29th 2011. With Rings located in areas where Blizzard including Willston ND, we will see these storms increase in size and impact during the next 24 hours to 48 hours. As the video goes on you will notice an interesting box ring taking place near Chicago, rings in Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota. Will see strong storms in the next 24 to 48 hours in these areas. We also took a look at Weather as a Force Multiplier: Owning the Weather in 2025 A Research Paper Presented To Air Force 2025 by Col Tamzy J. House Lt Col James B. Near, Jr. LTC William B. Shields a document discussing the powers of Weather Modification

check it out- http://csat.au.af.mil/2025/volume3/vol3ch15.pdf

Dezelfde "studie" met tekeninkjes:

http://theglobalrealm.com/2011/05/31...ather-in-2025/
[...


Figure 3-2. The Military System for Weather-Modification Operations.

Figure 4-1. Crossed-Beam Approach for Generating an Artificial Ionospheric Mirror



Figure 4-2. Artificial Ionospheric Mirrors Point-to-Point Communications
Source: Microsoft Clipart Gallery © 1995 with courtesy from Microsoft.

Appendix A

Why Is the Ionosphere Important?

The ionosphere is the part of the earth’s atmosphere beginning at an altitude of about 30 miles and extending outward 1,200 miles or more. This region consists of layers of free electrically charged particles that transmit, refract, and reflect radio waves, allowing those waves to be transmitted great distances around the earth. The interaction of the ionosphere on impinging electromagnetic radiation depends on the properties of the ionospheric layer, the geometry of transmission, and the frequency of the radiation. For any given signal path through the atmosphere, a range of workable frequency bands exists. This range, between the maximum usable frequency (MUF) and the lowest usable frequency (LUF), is where radio waves are reflected and refracted by the ionosphere much as a partial mirror may reflect or refract visible light.56 The reflective and refractive properties of the ionosphere provide a means to transmit radio signals beyond direct “line-of-sight” transmission between a transmitter and receiver. Ionospheric reflection and refraction has therefore been used almost exclusively for long-range HF (from 3 to 30 MHz) communications. Radio waves with frequencies ranging from above 30 MHz to 300 GHz are usually used for communications requiring line-of-sight transmissions, such as satellite communications. At these higher frequencies, radio waves propagate through the ionosphere with only a small fraction of the wave scattering back in a pattern analogous to a sky wave. Communicators receive significant benefit from using these frequencies since they provide considerably greater bandwidths and thus have greater data-carrying capacity; they are also less prone to natural interference (noise).

Although the ionosphere acts as a natural “mirror” for HF radio waves, it is in a constant state of flux, and thus, its “mirror property” can be limited at times. Like terrestrial weather, ionospheric properties change from year to year, from day to day, and even from hour to hour. This ionospheric variability, called space weather, can cause unreliability in ground- and space-based communications that depend on ionospheric reflection or transmission. Space weather variability affects how the ionosphere attenuates, absorbs, reflects, refracts, and changes the propagation, phase, and amplitude characteristics of radio waves. These weather dependent changes may arise from certain space weather conditions such as: (1) variability of solar radiation entering the upper atmosphere; (2) the solar plasma entering the earth’s magnetic field; (3) the gravitational atmospheric tides produced by the sun and moon; and (4) the vertical swelling of the atmosphere due to daytime heating of the sun.57 Space weather is also significantly affected by solar flare activity, the tilt of the earth’s geomagnetic field, and abrupt ionospheric changes resulting from events such as geomagnetic storms.

In summary, the ionosphere’s inherent reflectivity is a natural gift that humans have used to create long-range communications connecting distant points on the globe. However, natural variability in the ionosphere reduces the reliability of our communication systems that depend on ionospheric reflection and refraction (primarily HF). For the most part, higher frequency communications such as UHF, SHF, and EHF bands are transmitted through the ionosphere without distortion. However, these bands are also subject to degradation caused by ionospheric scintillation, a phenomenon induced by abrupt variations in electron density along the signal path, resulting in signal fade caused by rapid signal path variations and defocusing of the signal’s amplitude and/or phase.

Understanding and predicting ionospheric variability and its influence on the transmission and reflection of electromagnetic radiation has been a much studied field of scientific inquiry. Improving our ability to observe, model, and forecast space weather will substantially improve our communication systems, both ground and space-based. Considerable work is being conducted, both within the DOD and the commercial sector, on improving observation, modeling, and forecasting of space weather. While considerable technical challenges remain, we assume for the purposes of this study that dramatic improvements will occur in these areas over the next several decades. ...]