[Micele]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door Aurora_Borealis

Wel ja, er zijn gewoon andere factoren die de snelle verspreiding in N.-Italië verklaren zoals te late maatregelen om fysiek contact in te perken, te weinig testen, superverspreiders die men niet kon traceren en de ziekenhuizen die zelf de eerste verspreidingshaarden werden. De hypothese van aanhechting van virussen op fijn stof staat op losse schroeven. Ik heb al het voorbeeld aangehaald van steden die zwaarder vervuild zijn (in termen van NOx, pm2.5 en PM10) zoals Seoul, maar toch verspreidingscijfers hebben die een factor lager liggen dan die in N.-Italië. Maar die hadden hun les al geleerd met Sars en Mers vroeger en hadden hun maatregelen op orde vanaf dag 1.

Uiteraard en daarom dat ik altijd de NO2-studie in draadstarter erbij haal.
Vooral de atmosferische condities OP ZICHZELF (deels post 9 geplakt) vanaf 2.3

...
There were 4443 fatalities in these countries due to COVID-19 by March 19, 2020. 83% of all fatalities (3701 cases) occurred in regions where the maximum NO2 concentration was above 100 ?mol/m2, 15.5% (691 cases) occurred in regions where the maximum NO2 concentration was between 50 and 100 ?mol/m2, and only 1.5% of all fatalities (51 cases) occurred in regions where the maximum NO2 concentration was below 50 ?mol/m2.

4. Discussion and conclusion

In this study, the concentrations of the tropospheric NO2 which were extracted from the Sentinel-5P satellite were used in order to explain the spatial variation of fatality cases in 66 administrative regions in four European countries. The Sentinel-5P data shows two main NO2 hotspots over Europe: Northern Italy and Madrid metropolitan area. According to these results, high NO2 concentration accompanied by downwards airflows cause of NO2 buildup CLOSE to the SURFACE. This topographic structure combined with atmospheric conditions of inversion (positive omega) prevent the dispersion of air pollutants, which can cause a high incidence of respiratory problems and inflammation in the local population. This chronic exposure could be an important contributor to the high COVID-19 fatality rates observed in these regions. As earlier studies have shown that exposure to NO2 causes inflammatory in the lungs, it is now necessary to examine whether the presence of an initial inflammatory condition is related to the response of the immune system to the coronavirus. Hence, poisoning our environment means poisoning our own body and when it experiences a chronic respiratory stress, its ability to defend itself from infections is limited.

According to these results, more studies should be conducted which focus on additional factors such as age and presence of pre-existing and background diseases along with the impact of pre-exposure to NO2 and hypercytokinemia in order to verify their impact on fatalities due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Want NO2 en PM2,5-PM1-PM 0,1 heeft een directe relatie en klit ook aan mekaar. NO2 is secundair fijnstof. PM 0,1 en PM 1 roetdeeltjes klitten ook aan mekaar en vormen deels het PM2,5. De (ook warme, stijgende) PM10 is een al te grote maat en komt vooral van schoorstenen en zeer hoge fabriekspijpen en laatste ook nog relatief verwijderd van bewoonde gebieden. Dat is eigenlijk te hoog om mensen op 1,5-2 m boven het aardoppervlakte te beinvloeden.

buildup CLOSE to the SURFACE

In die NO2-studie (omegafactor : oranje positief boven + 0,04 , rood boven +0,06) toont men namelijk duidelijk aan dat de vuile lucht kort bij het aardoppervlakte blijft hangen waar de mensen verkeren.
83% van de besmettingen bevinden zich in zulke gebieden de 19 maart.

Ik probeer enkel de studies te begrijpen en waarom ze tot zulke conclusies komen.

1e studie NO2 (**Duitse studie) : regios Povlakte Sentinelmetingen= vervuiling blijft hangen waar mensen verkeren.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc...215?via%3Dihub
of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151460/


2e: Italiaanse paper : regios Povlakte en waarom het versnellingspercentage daar veel groter was dan in andere regios zoals de regios rond andere grootsteden Rome of Napels.


**

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc...215?via%3Dihub

Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality

Yaron Ogen

[email protected]

The Department of Remote Sensing and Cartography, Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, Room: H4 2.23, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany

....-

2.3. The atmospheric condition

Due to the thickness of the troposphere, the value which represents the NO2 concentration is not enough. There is also a need to understand the vertical airflow during the same period of the event. For that purpose, the vertical airflows at 850 mb (~1.5 km above sea level) was used as it defines the atmospheric capability to disperse the gas (Fig. 2 ). This data was provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/).

Downwards airflows are given by positive values of omega (in Pa/s), while upwards airflow by negative values of omega. In regions where positive omega is observed, the atmospheric will force the NO2 to stay close to the surface which leads the population to be exposed to the risk factor. In contrast, in regions with negative omega, the atmospheric conditions will disperse the gas further away and to higher altitudes. In these regions, the population is less exposed to the air pollution and to its associated health risks.


Fig. 2: The vertical airflow (omega) at 850 mb (~1500 m above sea level).

3.?Results

Mapping the tropospheric NO2 over Europe reveals a major ‘hotspot’ of high concentration in the northern part of Italy. The ‘hotspot’ is observed in the Po valley which extends from the slopes of the western Alps to the coastal plains of the Adriatic Sea. Out of the top five regions where high fatality was observed, four of them were in northern Italy (Fig. 3 ): Lombardia, (2168 cases), Emilia-Romanga (531), Piemonte (175 cases) and Veneto (115 cases). The other region was in the administrative region ‘Community of Madrid’ (Comunidad de Madrid), Spain (498 cases) which, like the Po valley, is also surrounded by mountain ranges.


Fig. 3 : NO2 vs. the absolute number of death cases.

As shown in Fig. 4 , 78% of all fatalities due to coronavirus in these selected countries occurred in those regions. The concentrations of NO2 were high and ranged between 177.1 and 293.7 ?mol/m2, accompanied by downwards airflows (positive omega ranged between 0.04 and 0.07 Pa/s).


Fig. 4: The mean death cases and the percentage of deaths in each NO2 concentration range.

There were 4443 fatalities in these countries due to COVID-19 by March 19, 2020. 83% of all fatalities (3701 cases) occurred in regions where the maximum NO2 concentration was above 100 ?mol/m2, 15.5% (691 cases) occurred in regions where the maximum NO2 concentration was between 50 and 100 ?mol/m2, and only 1.5% of all fatalities (51 cases) occurred in regions where the maximum NO2 concentration was below 50 ?mol/m2.

4.?Discussion and conclusion

In this study, the concentrations of the tropospheric NO2 which were extracted from the Sentinel-5P satellite were used in order to explain the spatial variation of fatality cases in 66 administrative regions in four European countries. The Sentinel-5P data shows two main NO2 hotspots over Europe: Northern Italy and Madrid metropolitan area. According to these results, high NO2 concentration accompanied by downwards airflows cause of NO2 buildup close to the surface. This topographic structure combined with atmospheric conditions of inversion (positive omega) prevent the dispersion of air pollutants, which can cause a high incidence of respiratory problems and inflammation in the local population. ...

Dat ik dat hier allemaal plak helpt toch niet tl;dr en leest sowieso geen kat...