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Maatschappij en samenleving Dit subforum handelt over zaken die leven binnen de maatschappij en in die zin politiek relevant (geworden) zijn. |
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#1 |
Perm. Vertegenwoordiger VN
Geregistreerd: 7 mei 2004
Berichten: 13.621
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![]() [font=sans-serif][size=5][size=2]Wederom een bewijs dat rassen niet bestaan en alle Turken en Marokanen en negerhaters hebben meer genen gemeenschapplijk met hun dat ze willen toegeven. Aan al die rechtse extremisten die haat prediken en rassenonderscheid willen:[size=4] in your face![/size][/size]
Rasecht[/size][/font][size=2] Een college in de Verenigde Staten kreeg begin dit jaar een groep leerlingen biologieles. Aan de hand van hun bloed en spuug onderzochten de Aziatische Jacky, de blanke Noah, de zwarte Gorgeous samen met hun klasgenoten, die ook uit alle windstreken kwamen, hun eigen en elkaars genen. Later vergeleken ze met behulp van computers hun gegevens met het genetisch materiaal van mensen over de hele wereld. Van tevoren voorspelden ze op wie ze genetisch het meest zouden lijken. Op degene die qua uiterlijk het dichtst bij je in de buurt komt, was de algemene veronderstelling. De verrassing was groot, toen dit bij de daadwerkelijke vergelijking niet bleek te kloppen. Wetenschappers - biologen en genetici - die in Rasecht aan het woord komen, verbazen zich daar niet meer over. Na ruim tweehonderd jaar genonderzoek onderschrijven steeds meer wetenschappers de conclusie, dat het indelen van de mensheid in verschillende rassen op geen enkel genetisch-biologisch feit kan worden gestoeld. Genetisch onderzoek over de hele wereld toont aan: [size=4]er is onder de levende wezens geen enkele soort genetisch zo homogeen als de mens.[/size] Deze baanbrekende ontdekking zaagt de poten weg onder de stoel van het racisme, van het indelen van de mensheid in huidskleur, lichaamsbouw en vorm van de ogen, met alle daaraan gekoppelde vooroordelen en veronderstellingen. Het denken in rassen, dat onder het mom van de wetenschap in feite uitsluitend is gebaseerd op uiterlijke kenmerken, heeft eeuwenlang volkeren achtergesteld die qua ras ‘inferieur’ werden geacht. De zogenaamde rassenleer, vervat in onderzoeksrapporten en statistieken, is door de eeuwen heen door vele machthebbers en potentaten gebruikt en vooral misbruikt om mensen te onderdrukken en uit te buiten. Rasecht rekent er voorgoed mee af. Zelfs voor de eigentijdse studenten in het Amerikaanse college-klasje is dat wel even slikken. Over de vraag of ze in denkbeeldige onderhandelingen hun huidskleur zouden verkopen, hoeft de blanke Noah niet lang na te denken: ‘Dat zou ik nooit doen. Het is volgens mij nog steeds een voordeel om blank te zijn.‘ [/size]
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Yesterday I was clever, so I wanted to change the world. Today I am wise, so I am changing myself. – Rumi
Laatst gewijzigd door exodus : 31 december 2004 om 12:19. |
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#2 |
Parlementslid
Geregistreerd: 26 juni 2003
Locatie: noordelijke ijszee (ferm fris zeetje)
Berichten: 1.867
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![]() er bestaan wél degelijk TWEE zéér goed van mekaar te onderscheiden RASSEN
het RAS der profiteurs en het RAS der zwijgende belastingbetalende werkers ! ![]()
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Per 20 november 2009 verlaat ik dit politiek kloteland FOREVER - treur niet k'zal t'niet missen ! |
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#3 |
Perm. Vertegenwoordiger VN
Geregistreerd: 3 oktober 2003
Locatie: Zou ik ook graag weten
Berichten: 14.746
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![]() als er geen rassen bestaat dan kan er ook geen racisme bestaan....
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IK betaal 6.570,00 euro per jaar aan Wallonië en dit al meer dan 20 jaar.... Dat is 131.400 euro in totaal....of in oude franken... 5.300.662 fr. HET IS STILAAN GENOEG GEWEEST! Als ik nog 20 jaar verder werk dan betaal ik nog eens 131.400 euro. In totaal zou dat dan 262.800 euro of 10.616.857 oude franken zijn. PEOPLE WHO WANT TO BAN HATE SPEECH, JUST HATE SPEECH. VRIJE MENINGSUITING !!! |
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#4 | |
Lokaal Raadslid
Geregistreerd: 16 december 2004
Locatie: Antwerpen; Vlaanderen; Dietsland!
Berichten: 341
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[size=4]Voor Dietsland en Europa; voor het vrije Avondland![/size] |
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#5 | |
Burgemeester
Geregistreerd: 11 november 2004
Berichten: 520
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[font=Comic Sans MS]Om een onberispelijk lid van een schaapskudde te zijn, [/font] [font=Comic Sans MS]moet men vóór alles een schaap zijn[/font] [font=Comic Sans MS]--- Albert Einstein ---[/font]
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#6 |
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 27 april 2004
Berichten: 43.539
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![]() Rassen bestaan natuurlijk daar zit het dna voor niets tussen. Ieder levend wezen is gemaakt uit dezelfde basis samenstelling maar dan komen de genen die een blauwafdruk maken van al de rest. Je zou perfect kunnen zeggen dat alle honden één ras zijn afkomstig van de wolf maar iedereen weet dat er een groot verschil tussen een poedel en een dobberman. Toch hebben zij dezelfde samenstelling!
Een afrikaan, een aziaat en een belg hebben telkens een andere lichaamsbouw maar de samenstelling is wel hetzelfde. Toch zitten er grote verschillen in bv spiermassa of zenuwstelsel. Het is al uitgemeten dat een afrikaan doorgaans een iets snellere zenuwprikkel heeft dan een westerse persoon waardoor ze beter zijn in sport dus. Het mengen van al die rassen is echter de ideale mix om als mens telkens het beste naar boven te halen. In eigen ras verder kweken is nu eenmaal niet goed. |
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#7 | |
Lokaal Raadslid
Geregistreerd: 16 december 2004
Locatie: Antwerpen; Vlaanderen; Dietsland!
Berichten: 341
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[size=4]Voor Dietsland en Europa; voor het vrije Avondland![/size] Laatst gewijzigd door Tyr de Dietser : 31 december 2004 om 14:44. |
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#8 |
Parlementslid
Geregistreerd: 4 juli 2004
Berichten: 1.601
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![]() Parels voor de zwijnen misschien, maar wie weet doet iemand van jullie de moeite om dit te lezen:
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Yet common definitions of race do sometimes work well to divide groups according to genetically determined propensities for certain diseases. Sickle cell disease is usually found among people of largely African or Mediterranean descent, for instance, whereas cystic fibrosis is far more common among those of European ancestry. In addition, although the results have been controversial, a handful of studies have suggested that African-Americans are more likely to respond poorly to some drugs for cardiac disease than are members of other groups. Over the past few years, scientists have collected data about the genetic constitution of populations around the world in an effort to probe the link between ancestry and patterns of disease. These data are now providing answers to several highly emotional and contentious questions: Can genetic information be used to distinguish human groups having a common heritage and to assign individuals to particular ones? Do such groups correspond well to predefined descriptions now widely used to specify race? And, more practically, does dividing people by familiar racial definitions or by genetic similarities say anything useful about how members of those groups experience disease or respond to drug treatment? In general, we would answer the first question yes, the second no, and offer a qualified yes to the third. Our answers rest on several generalizations about race and genetics. Some groups do differ genetically from others, but how groups are divided depends on which genes are examined; simplistically put, you might fit into one group based on your skin-color genes but another based on a different characteristic. Many studies have demonstrated that roughly 90 percent of human genetic variation occurs within a population living on a given continent, whereas about 10 percent of the variation distinguishes continental populations. In other words, individuals from different populations are, on average, just slightly more different from one another than are individuals from the same population. Human populations are very similar, but they often can be distinguished. Classifying Humans As a first step to identifying links between social definitions of race and genetic heritage, scientists need a way to divide groups reliably according to their ancestry. Over the past 100,000 years or so, anatomically modern humans have migrated from Africa to other parts of the world, and members of our species have increased dramatically in number. This spread has left a distinct signature in our DNA. To determine the degree of relatedness among groups, geneticists rely on tiny variations, or polymorphisms, in the DNA--specifically in the sequence of base pairs, the building blocks of DNA. Most of these polymorphisms do not occur within genes, the stretches of DNA that encode the information for making proteins (the molecules that constitute much of our bodies and carry out the chemical reactions of life). Accordingly, these common variations are neutral, in that they do not directly affect a particular trait. Some polymorphisms do occur in genes, however; these can contribute to individual variation in traits and to genetic diseases. As scientists have sequenced the human genome (the full set of nuclear DNA), they have also identified millions of polymorphisms. The distribution of these polymorphisms across populations reflects the history of those populations and the effects of natural selection. To distinguish among groups, the ideal genetic polymorphism would be one that is present in all the members of one group and absent in the members of all other groups. But the major human groups have separated from one another too recently and have mixed too much for such differences to exist. Polymorphisms that occur at different frequencies around the world can, however, be used to sort people roughly into groups. One useful class of polymorphisms consists of the Alus, short pieces of DNA that are similar in sequence to one another. Alus replicate occasionally, and the resulting copy splices itself at random into a new position on the original chromosome or on another chromosome, usually in a location that has no effect on the functioning of nearby genes. Each insertion is a unique event. Once an Alu sequence inserts itself, it can remain in place for eons, getting passed from one person to his or her descendants. Therefore, if two people have the same Alu sequence at the same spot in their genome, they must be descended from a common ancestor who gave them that specific segment of DNA. One of us (Bamshad), working with University of Utah scientists Lynn B. Jorde, Stephen Wooding and W. Scott Watkins and with Mark A. Batzer of Louisiana State University, examined 100 different Alu polymorphisms in 565 people born in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Europe. First we determined the presence or absence of the 100 Alus in each of the 565 people. Next we removed all the identifying labels (such as place of origin and ethnic group) from the data and sorted the people into groups using only their genetic information. Our analysis yielded four different groups. When we added the labels back to see whether each individual's group assignment correlated to common, predefined labels for race or ethnicity, we saw that two of the groups consisted only of individuals from sub-Saharan Africa, with one of those two made up almost entirely of Mbuti Pygmies. The other two groups consisted only of individuals from Europe and East Asia, respectively. We found that we needed 60 Alu polymorphisms to assign individuals to their continent of origin with 90 percent accuracy. To achieve nearly 100 percent accuracy, however, we needed to use about 100 Alus. Other studies have produced comparable results. Noah A. Rosenberg and Jonathan K. Pritchard, geneticists formerly in the laboratory of Marcus W. Feldman of Stanford University, assayed approximately 375 polymorphisms called short tandem repeats in more than 1,000 people from 52 ethnic groups in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas. By looking at the varying frequencies of these polymorphisms, they were able to distinguish five different groups of people whose ancestors were typically isolated by oceans, deserts or mountains: sub-Saharan Africans; Europeans and Asians west of the Himalayas; East Asians; inhabitants of New Guinea and Melanesia; and Native Americans. They were also able to identify subgroups within each region that usually corresponded with each member's self-reported ethnicity. The results of these studies indicate that genetic analyses can distinguish groups of people according to their geographic origin. But caution is warranted. The groups easiest to resolve were those that were widely separated from one another geographically. Such samples maximize the genetic variation among groups. When Bamshad and his co-workers used their 100 Alu polymorphisms to try to classify a sample of individuals from southern India into a separate group, the Indians instead had more in common with either Europeans or Asians. In other words, because India has been subject to many genetic influences from Europe and Asia, people on the subcontinent did not group into a unique cluster. We concluded that many hundreds--or perhaps thousands--of polymorphisms might have to be examined to distinguish between groups whose ancestors have historically interbred with multiple populations. The Human Race Given that people can be sorted broadly into groups using genetic data, do common notions of race correspond to underlying genetic differences among populations? In some cases they do, but often they do not. For instance, skin color or facial features--traits influenced by natural selection--are routinely used to divide people into races. But groups with similar physical characteristics as a result of selection can be quite different genetically. Individuals from sub-Saharan Africa and Australian Aborigines might have similar skin pigmentation (because of adapting to strong sun), but genetically they are quite dissimilar. In contrast, two groups that are genetically similar to each other might be exposed to different selective forces. In this case, natural selection can exaggerate some of the differences between groups, making them appear more dissimilar on the surface than they are underneath. Because traits such as skin color have been strongly affected by natural selection, they do not necessarily reflect the population processes that have shaped the distribution of neutral polymorphisms such as Alus or short tandem repeats. Therefore, traits or polymorphisms affected by natural selection may be poor predictors of group membership and may imply genetic relatedness where, in fact, little exists. Another example of how difficult it is to categorize people involves populations in the U.S. Most people who describe themselves as African-American have relatively recent ancestors from West Africa, and West Africans generally have polymorphism frequencies that can be distinguished from those of Europeans, Asians and Native Americans. The fraction of gene variations that African-Americans share with West Africans, however, is far from uniform, because over the centuries African-Americans have mixed extensively with groups originating from elsewhere in Africa and beyond. Over the past several years, Mark D. Shriver of Pennsylvania State University and Rick A. Kittles of Howard University have defined a set of polymorphisms that they have used to estimate the fraction of a person's genes originating from each continental region. They found that the West African contribution to the genes of individual African-Americans averages about 80 percent, although it ranges from 20 to 100 percent. Mixing of groups is also apparent in many individuals who believe they have only European ancestors. According to Shriver's analyses, approximately 30 percent of Americans who consider themselves "white" have less than 90 percent European ancestry. Thus, self-reported ancestry is not necessarily a good predictor of the genetic composition of a large number of Americans. Accordingly, common notions of race do not always reflect a person's genetic background. Membership Has Its Privileges Understanding the relation between race and genetic variation has important practical implications. Several of the polymorphisms that differ in frequency from group to group have specific effects on health. The mutations responsible for sickle cell disease and some cases of cystic fibrosis, for instance, result from genetic changes that appear to have risen in frequency because they were protective against diseases prevalent in Africa and Europe, respectively. People who inherit one copy of the sickle cell polymorphism show some resistance to malaria; those with one copy of the cystic fibrosis trait may be less prone to the dehydration resulting from cholera. The symptoms of these diseases arise only in the unfortunate individuals who inherit two copies of the mutations. Genetic variation also plays a role in individual susceptibility to one of the worst scourges of our age: AIDS. Some people have a small deletion in both their copies of a gene that encodes a particular cell-surface receptor called chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). As a result, these individuals fail to produce CCR5 receptors on the surface of their cells. Most strains of HIV-1, the virus that causes AIDS, bind to the CCR5 receptor to gain entry to cells, so people who lack CCR5 receptors are resistant to HIV-1 infection. This polymorphism in the CCR5 receptor gene is found almost exclusively in groups from northeastern Europe. Several polymorphisms in CCR5 do not prevent infection but instead influence the rate at which HIV-1 infection leads to AIDS and death. Some of these polymorphisms have similar effects in different populations; others only alter the speed of disease progression in selected groups. One polymorphism, for example, is associated with delayed disease progression in European-Americans but accelerated disease in African-Americans. Researchers can only study such population-specific effects--and use that knowledge to direct therapy--if they can sort people into groups. In these examples--and others like them--a polymorphism has a relatively large effect in a given disease. If genetic screening were inexpensive and efficient, all individuals could be screened for all such disease-related gene variants. But genetic testing remains costly. Perhaps more significantly, genetic screening raises concerns about privacy and consent: some people might not want to know about genetic factors that could increase their risk of developing a particular disease. Until these issues are resolved further, self-reported ancestry will continue to be a potentially useful diagnostic tool for physicians. Ancestry may also be relevant for some diseases that are widespread in particular populations. Most common diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes, are the cumulative results of polymorphisms in several genes, each of which has a small influence on its own. Recent research suggests that polymorphisms that have a particular effect in one group may have a different effect in another group. This kind of complexity would make it much more difficult to use detected polymorphisms as a guide to therapy. Until further studies are done on the genetic and environmental contributions to complex diseases, physicians may have to rely on information about an individual's ancestry to know how best to treat some diseases. Race and Medicine But the importance of group membership as it relates to health care has been especially controversial in recent years. Last January the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued guidelines advocating the collection of race and ethnicity data in all clinical trials. Some investigators contend that the differences between groups are so small and the historical abuses associated with categorizing people by race so extreme that group membership should play little if any role in genetic and medical studies. They assert that the FDA should abandon its recommendation and instead ask researchers conducting clinical trials to collect genomic data on each individual. Others suggest that only by using group membership, including common definitions of race based on skin color, can we understand how genetic and environmental differences among groups contribute to disease. This debate will be settled only by further research on the validity of race as a scientific variable. A set of articles in the March 20 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine debated both sides of the medical implications of race. The authors of one article--Richard S. Cooper of the Loyola Stritch School of Medicine, Jay S. Kaufman of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Ryk Ward of the University of Oxford--argued that race is not an adequate criterion for physicians to use in choosing a particular drug for a given patient. They pointed out two findings of racial differences that are both now considered questionable: that a combination of certain blood vessel–dilating drugs was more effective in treating heart failure in people of African ancestry and that specific enzyme inhibitors (angiotensin converting enzyme, or ACE, inhibitors) have little efficacy in such individuals. In the second article, a group led by Neil Risch of Stanford University countered that racial or ethnic groups can differ from one another genetically and that the differences can have medical importance. They cited a study showing that the rate of complications from type 2 diabetes varies according to race, even after adjusting for such factors as disparities in education and income. The intensity of these arguments reflects both scientific and social factors. Many biomedical studies have not rigorously defined group membership, relying instead on inferred relationships based on racial categories. The dispute over the importance of group membership also illustrates how strongly the perception of race is shaped by different social and political perspectives. In cases where membership in a geographically or culturally defined group has been correlated with health-related genetic traits, knowing something about an individual's group membership could be important for a physician. And to the extent that human groups live in different environments or have different experiences that affect health, group membership could also reflect nongenetic factors that are medically relevant. Regardless of the medical implications of the genetics of race, the research findings are inherently exciting. For hundreds of years, people have wondered where various human groups came from and how those groups are related to one another. They have speculated about why human populations have different physical appearances and about whether the biological differences between groups are more than skin deep. New genetic data and new methods of analysis are finally allowing us to approach these questions. The result will be a much deeper understanding of both our biological nature and our human interconnectedness. ![]() ![]() |
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#9 | |
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 13 juni 2003
Berichten: 6.792
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![]() ![]() Het is zo dat de kwantitatieve verschillen onder rasgenoten groter kunnen zijn, maar de kwalitatieve verschillen onder rassen zijn véél groter. Wat is bijvoorbeeld belangrijker in onze intermenselijke verhoudingen : bloedgroep of huidskleur ? Wanneer een mens en een chimpansee voor 95% hetzelfde erfelijk materiaal bevatten, kan een paar promille verschil onder mensenrassen véél verschil maken ! |
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#10 | |
Europees Commissaris
Geregistreerd: 17 maart 2003
Berichten: 6.859
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Eigenlijk kan ik daar kort over zijn. Het gaat hem niet over de hoeveelheid verschil in genetisch materiaal maar de aard van het verschil van genetisch materiaal. Wist u dat het verschil in genetisch materiaal tussen een mens en een muis ook maar vrij klein is. Wanneer wij nietvan verschillende rassen zouden uitgaan, kunnen wij evengoed beweren dat muizen ook een soort mensen zijn. OK, ze zien er wat anders uit, maar dat heb je ook als je het verschil tussen blank en zwart bekijkt, maar genetisch zijn er enorm wat gelijkheden.
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SOCIALISTEN. DE PARTIJ VAN GEESTELIJK MINDER BEDEELDEN EN VREEMDELINGEN |
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#11 | |
Minister-President
Geregistreerd: 3 december 2004
Locatie: Hage(n)land
Berichten: 4.471
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#12 | |
Lokaal Raadslid
Geregistreerd: 16 december 2004
Locatie: Antwerpen; Vlaanderen; Dietsland!
Berichten: 341
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[size=4]Voor Dietsland en Europa; voor het vrije Avondland![/size] |
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#13 | |
Schepen
Geregistreerd: 19 mei 2004
Berichten: 449
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![]() Ik snap het nut eigenlijk niet van deze post, maar soit. Laat mij eerst misschien duidelijk stellen dat ik geen racist ben, maar ik vind de stelling een beetje steunen op non-argumenten. Dergelijke zaken kunnen niet louter genetisch verklaard worden. Je mag niet vergeten dat een fenotype buiten een genetische ondergrond ook voor een deel bepaald wordt door omgevingsfactoren. Deze kunnen dus ook zorgen voor de verschillen die we zien tussen de verschillende "rassen". Er is toch niks mis mee dat er verschillen "zichtbaar" zijn tussen verschillende rassen?
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- waarschijnlijk deels omdat er maar naar een twintigtal organismen echt intensief genetisch onderzoek gedaan wordt. (Dit is peanuts in vergelijking met de miljarden verschillende levende wezens op aarde). - waarop steunt dergelijke vergelijking? |
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#14 |
Europees Commissaris
Geregistreerd: 17 maart 2003
Berichten: 6.859
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![]() Onderzoeken hebben aangetoond dat er een vrij grote intelligentie kloof is tussen het negroide ras tegnover het blanke of aziatische ras.
Sommigen beweren dat er geen rassen bestaan en anderen tonen dan weet aan dat er ingrijpende verschillen tussen de rassen bestaan. Wie heeft nu gelijk?
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SOCIALISTEN. DE PARTIJ VAN GEESTELIJK MINDER BEDEELDEN EN VREEMDELINGEN |
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#15 | |
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 22 mei 2004
Berichten: 30.550
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Leg de resultaten van die (liefst neutrale) onderzoeken maar eens op tafel, ipv je racistische neigingen de vrije loop te laten....... ![]()
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#16 | |
Perm. Vertegenwoordiger VN
Geregistreerd: 9 juni 2004
Locatie: mechelen
Berichten: 11.970
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de Universele Verklaring van de Rechten van de Mens |
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#17 | |
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 27 april 2004
Berichten: 43.539
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Bij dieren is dat net hetzelfde, alle broodkwekers van eender welke dieren volgen de bloedlijnen nauwgezet om hun ras te verbeteren door mixen. Waar dat niet is gedaan zoals ondere andere een lange periode onder de duitse herdershond kwamen ze met het probleem dat ze bijna allen heupdisplasie hadden (vergeef me de schrijffouten, ben geen dokter) Anderen hier zullen wel meer over die periode kunnen vertellen. Dus moesten we nu gedurende enkele generaties onze grenzen afsluiten en allemaal onze zaadjes verspreiden bij wat om den duur onze eigen familie zou worden, dan krijg je die inteelt. Dat gaat natuurlijk niet van vandaag op morgen. Maar gans los van die zaak hebben we wel onze eigen culturen en roots en die kunnen we wel een beetje in eer houden. |
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#18 | |
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 27 april 2004
Berichten: 43.539
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Nu of u voor of tegen negers bent dat is een persoonlijke zaak. Ze hebben een andere lichaamsbouw en hun pietje schijnt langer te zijn ook al. Van aziaten schijnt dat dan weer kleiner te zijn dus er bestaat nog gerechtigheid. (grapje) Wat dat kleur betreft is dat gewoon pigment en een natuurlijke huidbescherming tegen de zon. Van verstand dat weet ik niet, er studeren veel negers af aan de universiteiten o.a mobutu aan de belgische destijds. Dus neem dat maar met een korreltje zout! |
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#19 |
Perm. Vertegenwoordiger VN
Geregistreerd: 11 juli 2004
Berichten: 18.955
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![]() Het is hetzelfde als familietrekjes, maar dan op grotere schaal.
Zoals hier het verschil is tussen barakkenvolk en mensen zoals mij. |
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#20 |
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 16 februari 2004
Berichten: 23.890
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![]() de genenpool is het meest kostbare bezit van een volk.
hierin en nergens anders, schuilt haar levenskracht. inzake de menselijke existentie kan men de invloed van de genetische factor onmogelijk overschatten. |
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