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#81 | |
Vreemdeling
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__________________
"Parels voor de zwijnen, mevrouw... Dank u meneer, maar hou de parels en laat de zwijnen maar kwijnen..." |
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#82 | ||
Europees Commissaris
Geregistreerd: 28 februari 2003
Locatie: Podgorica
Berichten: 6.351
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De Amerikanen betalen trouwens niet de Brent-prijs, maar eerder de prijzen van de NYMEX. Die zijn zeker zo'n 2$ hoger. Momenteel 4$. |
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#83 |
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 20 september 2003
Locatie: Brussel
Berichten: 23.102
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![]() Weer iest anders nu, indien ik alle beschuldigingen zou aannemen die jij vermeld, ook al vind ik dat de gevolgen van sommige niet te voorspellen waren, maar dat doet er niet toe. Dan is Bush toch de beste president die de US had kunnen denken. Bush heeft niets te maken met alle beslissingen die de andere presidenten hebben gemaakt zoals die wapen of gas leveringen, steun aan osama en aan saddam. Bush is dus degene die er iets aan gedaan heeft, wat is hier dan weer slecht aan en waarom worden dus alle andere foute beslisisngen door jou en zovelen in zijn schoenen geschoven? Hoe lang denk je dat Bush al president is? 30 jaar!!
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#84 |
Vreemdeling
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![]() ik stop
jij hebt gewonnen illwill ik heb nog niemand ZO naast de kwestie zien kijken en informatie zo verkeerd zien interpreteren als jij sheez ![]()
__________________
"Parels voor de zwijnen, mevrouw... Dank u meneer, maar hou de parels en laat de zwijnen maar kwijnen..." |
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#85 | |
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 20 september 2003
Locatie: Brussel
Berichten: 23.102
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Vertel me 1 ding, waar zit ik naast de kwestie? Ik zit er volgens mij toch recht op hoor. |
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#86 | |||||
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 22 mei 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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Citaat:
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() alléén Latijns America en waarschijnlijk onvolledig:(met wat dubbeltellingen,maar die haal jij er wel ff uit, hé!! Citaat:
US Interventions in Latin America. Just thought you should know about this. © 1996 by Mark Rosenfelder Key: Military incursions Covert or indirect operations ! ... www.zompist.com/latam.html - 26k - Cached - Similar pages US Interventions A history of US intervention in Latin America and the Caribbean. 1823: The Monroe Doctrine declares Latin America to be in the United ... http://www.cc.ku.edu/cwis/organizati.../interven.html- 8k - Cached - Similar pages History of US Interventions in Latin America History of US Interventions in Latin America. Location, Period, Type of Force, Comments on US Role. Argentina, 1890, Troops, Buenos Aires interests protected. ... http://www2.truman.edu/~marc/resourc...rventions.html- 9k - Cached - Similar pages US Interventions in Latin America Since 1823 US Interventions in Latin America Since 1823. 1823: The Monroe Doctrine declares that Latin America is within the United States' "sphere of influence". ... http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2003...823.htm - 7k -Cached - Similar pages [PDF] US Interventions in Latin America: “Plan Colombia” File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML US Interventions in Latin America: “Plan Colombia” Mauricio Solaún Department of Sociology and Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies University ... http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/homepage_d...s/SolaunOP.pdf- Similar pages US interventions in Latin America since 1823 Source / title: US interventions in Latin America since 1823 Date: Wed May 28, 2003 10:36 am, 1823: The Monroe Doctrine declares ... http://forums.transnationale.org/vie...p?t=2421 - 26k - Cached - Similar pages US Intervention in Latin America ... Chronologies. Chronology of US Interventions in Latin America Includes brief annotations; Chronology of US involvement in Latin America in the twentieth century; ... www2.chass.ncsu.edu/slatta/hi453/intervene.htm - 4k - Cached - Similar pages Final Draft - History of US involvement in Latin America ... be considered "unfriendly" toward the US 2. US lacks strength to enforce a. In the next 20 years there were 4 different interventions in Latin America by Great ... jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/FieldCourses99/TropEcoCostaRicaArticles/ FinalDraft-HistoryofU.S.i.html - 9k - Cached - Similar pages Tarasov,K. Zubenko,V. The CIA in Latin America. 1984 Two Soviet specialists wrote this detailed description of US interventions in Latin America, particularly in Chile, Cuba, Bolivia, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. ... www.namebase.org/sources/FF.html - Similar pages Dossier - Latin America ... Post. Synthesis: US interventions in Latin America since 1823, 0, admin, 823, Wed May 28, 2003 10:36 am admin View latest post in topic. ... forums.transnationale.org/viewforum.php?f=43 - 27k - Cached - Similar pages RRojas Databank: The Róbinson Rojas Archive.-The role of US ... ... unprecedented. On the contrary, what the US government did in Chile climaxed an extended era of US interventions in Latin America". ... www.rrojasdatabank.org/foh4.htm - 35k U.S. INTERVENTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Just thought you should know about this. © 1996 by Mark Rosenfelder Military incursions Covert or indirect operations ! Other events of note 1846 The U.S., fulfilling the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, goes to war with Mexico and ends up with a third of Mexico's territory. 1850, 1853, 1854, 1857 U.S. interventions in Nicaragua. 1855 Tennessee adventurer William Walker and his mercenaries take over Nicaragua, institute forced labor, and legalize slavery. "Los yankis... have burst their way like a fertilizing torrent through the barriers of barbarism." --N.Y. Daily News He's ousted two years later by a Central American coalition largely inspired by Cornelius Vanderbilt, whose trade Walker was infringing. "The enemies of American civilization-- for such are the enemies of slavery-- seem to be more on the alert than its friends." --William Walker 1856 First of five U.S. interventions in Panama to protect the Atlantic-Pacific railroad from Panamanian nationalists. 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain, blaming it for destruction of the Maine. (In 1976, a U.S. Navy commission will conclude that the explosion was probably an accident.) The war enables the U.S. to occupy Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. 1903 The Platt Amendment inserted into the Cuban constitution grants the U.S. the right to intervene when it sees fit. 1903 When negotiations with Colombia break down, the U.S. sends ten warships to back a rebellion in Panama in order to acquire the land for the Panama Canal. The Frenchman Philippe Bunau-Varilla negotiates the Canal Treaty and writes Panama's constitution. 1904 U.S. sends customs agents to take over finances of the Dominican Republic to assure payment of its external debt. 1905 U.S. Marines help Mexican dictator Porfirio D�*az crush a strike in Sonora. 1905 U.S. troops land in Honduras for the first of 5 times in next 20 years. 1906 Marines occupy Cuba for two years in order to prevent a civil war. 1907 Marines intervene in Honduras to settle a war with Nicaragua. 1908 U.S. troops intervene in Panama for first of 4 times in next decade. 1909 Liberal President José Santos Zelaya of Nicaragua proposes that American mining and banana companies pay taxes; he has also appropriated church lands and legalized divorce, done business with European firms, and executed two Americans for participating in a rebellion. Forced to resign through U.S. pressure. The new president, Adolfo D�*az, is the former treasurer of an American mining company. 1910 U.S. Marines occupy Nicaragua to help support the D�*az regime. 1911 The Liberal regime of Miguel Dávila in Honduras has irked the State Department by being too friendly with Zelaya and by getting into debt with Britain. He is overthrown by former president Manuel Bonilla, aided by American banana tycoon Sam Zemurray and American mercenary Lee Christmas, who becomes commander-in-chief of the Honduran army. 1912 U.S. Marines intervene in Cuba to put down a rebellion of sugar workers. 1912 Nicaragua occupied again by the U.S., to shore up the inept D�*az government. An election is called to resolve the crisis: there are 4000 eligible voters, and one candidate, D�*az. The U.S. maintains troops and advisors in the country until 1925. 1914 U.S. bombs and then occupies Vera Cruz, in a conflict arising out of a dispute with Mexico's new government. President Victoriano Huerta resigns. 1915 U.S. Marines occupy Haiti to restore order, and establish a protectorate which lasts till 1934. The president of Haiti is barred from the U.S. Officers' Club in Port-au-Prince, because he is black. "Think of it-- niggers speaking French!" --secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, briefed on the Haitian situation 1916 Marines occupy the Dominican Republic, staying till 1924. 1916 Pancho Villa, in the sole act of Latin American aggression against the U.S, raids the city of Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17 Americans. " I Am sure Villa's attacks are made in Germany." --James Gerard, U.S. ambassador to Berlin 1917 U.S. troops enter Mexico to pursue Pancho Villa. They can't catch him. 1917 Marines intervene again in Cuba, to guarantee sugar exports during WWI. 1918 U.S. Marines occupy Panamanian province of Chiriqui for two years to maintain public order. 1921 President Coolidge strongly suggests the overthrow of Guatemalan President Carlos Herrera, in the interests of United Fruit. The Guatemalans comply. U.S. Army troops occupy Panama City to break a rent strike and keep order. 1926 Marines, out of Nicaragua for less than a year, occupy the country again, to settle a volatile political situation. Secretary of State Kellogg describes a "Nicaraguan-Mexican-Soviet" conspiracy to inspire a "Mexican-Bolshevist hegemony" within striking distance of the Canal. "That intervention is not now, never was, and never will be a set policy of the United States is one of the most important facts President-elect Hoover has made clear." --NYT, 1928 1929 U.S. establishes a military academy in Nicaragua to train a National Guard as the country's army. Similar forces are trained in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. "There is no room for any outside influence other than ours in this region. We could not tolerate such a thing without incurring grave risks... Until now Central America has always understood that governments which we recognize and support stay in power, while those which we do not recognize and support fall. Nicaragua has become a test case. It is difficult to see how we can afford to be defeated." --Undersecretary of State Robert Olds 1930 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo emerges from the U.S.-trained National Guard to become dictator of the Dominican Republic. 1932 The U.S. rushes warships to El Salvador in response to a communist-led uprising. President Mart�*nez, however, prefers to put down the rebellion with his own forces, killing over 8000 people (the rebels had killed about 100). ! 1933 President Roosevelt announces the Good Neighbor policy. 1933 Marines finally leave Nicaragua, unable to suppress the guerrilla warfare of General Augusto César Sandino. Anastasio Somoza Garc�*a becomes the first Nicaraguan commander of the National Guard. "The Nicaraguans are better fighters than the Haitians, being of Indian blood, and as warriors similar to the aborigines who resisted the advance of civilization in this country." --NYT correspondent Harold Denny 1933 Roosevelt sends warships to Cuba to intimidate Gerardo Machado y Morales, who is massacring the people to put down nationwide strikes and riots. Machado resigns. The first provisional government lasts only 17 days; the second Roosevelt finds too left-wing and refuses to recognize. A pro-Machado counter-coup is put down by Fulgencio Batista, who with Roosevelt's blessing becomes Cuba's new strongman. ! 1934 Platt Amendment repealed. 1934 Sandino assassinated by agents of Somoza, with U.S. approval. Somoza assumes the presidency of Nicaragua two years later. To block his ascent, Secretary of State Cordell Hull explains, would be to intervene in the internal affairs of Nicaragua. ! 1936 U.S. relinquishes rights to unilateral intervention in Panama. 1941 Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia deposes Panamanian president Arias in a military coup-- first clearing it with the U.S. Ambassador. It was "a great relief to us, because Arias had been very troublesome and very pro-Nazi." --Secretary of War Henry Stimson 1943 The editor of the Honduran opposition paper El Cronista is summoned to the U.S. embassy and told that criticism of the dictator Tiburcio Car�*as Andino is damaging to the war effort. Shortly afterward, the paper is shut down by the government. 1944 Good Neighbor policy in the eyes of Latin Americans. 1946 U.S. Army School of the Americas opens in Panama as a hemisphere-wide military academy. Its linchpin is the doctrine of National Security, by which the chief threat to a nation is internal subversion; this will be the guiding principle behind dictatorships in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Central America, and elsewhere. 1948 José Figueres Ferrer wins a short civil war to become President of Costa Rica. Figueres is supported by the U.S., which has informed San José that its forces in the Panama Canal are ready to come to the capital to end "communist control" of Costa Rica. 1954 Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, elected president of Guatemala, introduces land reform and seizes some idle lands of United Fruit-- proposing to pay for them the value United Fruit claimed on its tax returns. The CIA organizes a small force to overthrow him and begins training it in Honduras. When Arbenz naively asks for U.S. military help to meet this threat, he is refused; when he buys arms from Czechoslovakia it only proves he's a Red. Guatemala is "openly and diligently toiling to create a Communist state in Central America... only two hours' bombing time from the Panama Canal." --Life The CIA broadcasts reports detailing the imaginary advance of the "rebel army," and provides planes to strafe the capital. The army refuses to defend Arbenz, who resigns. The U.S.'s hand-picked dictator, Carlos Castillo Armas, outlaws political parties, reduces the franchise, and establishes the death penalty for strikers, as well as undoing Arbenz's land reform. Over 100,000 citizens are killed in the next 30 years of military rule. "This is the first instance in history where a Communist government has been replaced by a free one." --Richard Nixon 1957 Eisenhower establishes Office of Public Safety to train Latin American police forces. ! 1959 Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba. Several months earlier he had undertaken a triumphal tour through the U.S., which included a CIA briefing on the Red menace. "Castro's continued tawdry little melodrama of invasion." --Time, of Castro's warnings of an imminent U.S. invasion 1960 Eisenhower authorizes covert actions to get rid of Castro. Among other things, the CIA tries assassinating him with exploding cigars and poisoned milkshakes. Other covert actions against Cuba include burning sugar fields, blowing up boats in Cuban harbors, and sabotaging industrial equipment. 1960 The Canal Zone becomes the focus of U.S. counterinsurgency training. 1960 A new junta in El Salvador promises free elections; Eisenhower, fearing leftist tendencies, withholds recognition. A more attractive right-wing counter-coup comes along in three months. "Governments of the civil-military type of El Salvador are the most effective in containing communist penetration in Latin America." --John F. Kennedy, after the coup 1960 Guatemalan officers attempt to overthrow the regime of Presidente Fuentes; Eisenhower stations warships and 2000 Marines offshore while Fuentes puts down the revolt. [Another source says that the U.S. provided air support for Fuentes.] 1960s U.S. Green Berets train Guatemalan army in counterinsurgency techniques. Guatemalan efforts against its insurgents include aerial bombing, scorched-earth assaults on towns suspected of aiding the rebels, and death squads, which killed 20,000 people between 1966 and 1976. U.S. Army Col. John Webber claims that it was at his instigation that "the technique of counter-terror had been implemented by the army." "If it is necessary to turn the country into a cemetary in order to pacify it, I will not hesitate to do so." --President Carlos Arana Osorio 1961 U.S. organizes force of 1400 anti-Castro Cubans, ships it to the Bah�*a de los Cochinos. Castro's army routs it. 1961 CIA-backed coup overthrows elected Pres. J. M. Velasco Ibarra of Ecuador, who has been too friendly with Cuba. 1962 CIA engages in campaign in Brazil to keep João Goulart from achieving control of Congress. 1963 CIA-backed coup overthrows elected social democrat Juan Bosch in the Dominican Republic. 1963 A far-right-wing coup in Guatemala, apparently U.S.-supported, forestalls elections in which "extreme leftist" Juan José Arévalo was favored to win. "It is difficult to develop stable and democratic government [in Guatemala], because so many of the nation's Indians are illiterate and superstitious." --School textbook, 1964 1964 João Goulart of Brazil proposes agrarian reform, nationalization of oil. Ousted by U.S.-supported military coup. ! 1964 The free market in Nicaragua: The Somoza family controls "about one-tenth of the cultivable land in Nicaragua, and just about everything else worth owning, the country's only airline, one television station, a newspaper, a cement plant, textile mill, several sugar refineries, half-a-dozen breweries and distilleries, and a Mercedes-Benz agency." --Life World Library 1965 A coup in the Dominican Republic attempts to restore Bosch's government. The U.S. invades and occupies the country to stop this "Communist rebellion," with the help of the dictators of Brazil, Paraguay, Honduras, and Nicaragua. "Representative democracy cannot work in a country such as the Dominican Republic," Bosch declares later. Now why would he say that? 1966 U.S. sends arms, advisors, and Green Berets to Guatemala to implement a counterinsurgency campaign. "To eliminate a few hundred guerrillas, the government killed perhaps 10,000 Guatemalan peasants." --State Dept. report on the program 1967 A team of Green Berets is sent to Bolivia to help find and assassinate Che Guevara. 1968 Gen. José Alberto Medrano, who is on the payroll of the CIA, organizes the ORDEN paramilitary force, considered the precursor of El Salvador's death squads. ! 1970 In this year (just as an example), U.S. investments in Latin America earn $1.3 billion; while new investments total $302 million. 1970 Salvador Allende Gossens elected in Chile. Suspends foreign loans, nationalizes foreign companies. For the phone system, pays ITT the company's minimized valuation for tax purposes. The CIA provides covert financial support for Allende's opponents, both during and after his election. 1972 U.S. stands by as military suspends an election in El Salvador in which centrist José Napoleón Duarte was favored to win. (Compare with the emphasis placed on the 1982 elections.) 1973 U.S.-supported military coup kills Allende and brings Augusto Pinochet Ugarte to power. Pinochet imprisons well over a hundred thousand Chileans (torture and rape are the usual methods of interrogation), terminates civil liberties, abolishes unions, extends the work week to 48 hours, and reverses Allende's land reforms. 1973 Military takes power in Uruguay, supported by U.S. The subsequent repression reportedly features the world's highest percentage of the population imprisoned for political reasons. 1974 Office of Public Safety is abolished when it is revealed that police are being taught torture techniques. ! 1976 Election of Jimmy Carter leads to a new emphasis on human rights in Central America. Carter cuts off aid to the Guatemalan military (or tries to; some slips through) and reduces aid to El Salvador. ! 1979 Ratification of the Panama Canal treaty which is to return the Canal to Panama by 1999. "Once again, Uncle Sam put his tail between his legs and crept away rather than face trouble." --Ronald Reagan 1980 A right-wing junta takes over in El Salvador. U.S. begins massively supporting El Salvador, assisting the military in its fight against FMLN guerrillas. Death squads proliferate; Archbishop Romero is assassinated by right-wing terrorists; 35,000 civilians are killed in 1978-81. The rape and murder of four U.S. churchwomen results in the suspension of U.S. military aid for one month. The U.S. demands that the junta undertake land reform. Within 3 years, however, the reform program is halted by the oligarchy. "The Soviet Union underlies all the unrest that is going on." --Ronald Reagan 1980 U.S., seeking a stable base for its actions in El Salvador and Nicaragua, tells the Honduran military to clean up its act and hold elections. The U.S. starts pouring in $100 million of aid a year and basing the contras on Honduran territory. Death squads are also active in Honduras, and the contras tend to act as a state within a state. 1981 The CIA steps in to organize the contras in Nicaragua, who started the previous year as a group of 60 ex-National Guardsmen; by 1985 there are about 12,000 of them. 46 of the 48 top military leaders are ex-Guardsmen. The U.S. also sets up an economic embargo of Nicaragua and pressures the IMF and the World Bank to limit or halt loans to Nicaragua. 1981 Gen. Torrijos of Panama is killed in a plane crash. There is a suspicion of CIA involvement, due to Torrijos' nationalism and friendly relations with Cuba. 1982 A coup brings Gen. Efra�*n R�*os Montt to power in Guatemala, and gives the Reagan administration the opportunity to increase military aid. R�*os Montt's evangelical beliefs do not prevent him from accelerating the counterinsurgency campaign. 1983 Another coup in Guatemala replaces R�*os Montt. The new President, Oscar Mej�*a V�*ctores, was trained by the U.S. and seems to have cleared his coup beforehand with U.S. authorities. 1983 U.S. troops take over tiny Granada. Rather oddly, it intervenes shortly after a coup has overthrown the previous, socialist leader. One of the justifications for the action is the building of a new airport with Cuban help, which Granada claimed was for tourism and Reagan argued was for Soviet use. Later the U.S. announces plans to finish the airport... to develop tourism. 1983 Boland Amendment prohibits CIA and Defense Dept. from spending money to overthrow the government of Nicaragua-- a law the Reagan administration cheerfully violates. 1984 CIA mines three Nicaraguan harbors. Nicaragua takes this action to the World Court, which brings an $18 billion judgment against the U.S. The U.S. refuses to recognize the Court's jurisdiction in the case. 1984 U.S. spends $10 million to orchestrate elections in El Salvador-- something of a farce, since left-wing parties are under heavy repression, and the military has already declared that it will not answer to the elected president. 1989 U.S. invades Panama to dislodge CIA boy gone wrong Manuel Noriega, an event which marks the evolution of the U.S.'s favorite excuse from Communism to drugs. 1996 The U.S. battles global Communism by extending most-favored-nation trading status for China, and tightening the trade Saddam a assassiné des Kurdes, en effet, mais regardez cidessous ce que les EU ont fait en Amérique Latine, au courant de la seconde motié du 20°siècle: http://www.zompist.com/latam.html U.S. Interventions in Latin America Just thought you should know about this. © 1996 by Mark Rosenfelder 1846 The U.S., fulfilling the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, goes to war with Mexico and ends up with a third of Mexico's territory. 1850, 1853, 1854, 1857 U.S. interventions in Nicaragua. 1855 Tennessee adventurer William Walker and his mercenaries take over Nicaragua, institute forced labor, and legalize slavery. "Los yankis... have burst their way like a fertilizing torrent through the barriers of barbarism." --N.Y. Daily News He's ousted two years later by a Central American coalition largely inspired by Cornelius Vanderbilt, whose trade Walker was infringing. "The enemies of American civilization-- for such are the enemies of slavery-- seem to be more on the alert than its friends." --William Walker 1856 First of five U.S. interventions in Panama to protect the Atlantic-Pacific railroad from Panamanian nationalists. 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain, blaming it for destruction of the Maine. (In 1976, a U.S. Navy commission will conclude that the explosion was probably an accident.) The war enables the U.S. to occupy Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. 1903 The Platt Amendment inserted into the Cuban constitution grants the U.S. the right to intervene when it sees fit. 1903 When negotiations with Colombia break down, the U.S. sends ten warships to back a rebellion in Panama in order to acquire the land for the Panama Canal. The Frenchman Philippe Bunau-Varilla negotiates the Canal Treaty and writes Panama's constitution. 1904 U.S. sends customs agents to take over finances of the Dominican Republic to assure payment of its external debt. 1905 U.S. Marines help Mexican dictator Porfirio D�*az crush a strike in Sonora. 1905 U.S. troops land in Honduras for the first of 5 times in next 20 years. 1906 Marines occupy Cuba for two years in order to prevent a civil war. 1907 Marines intervene in Honduras to settle a war with Nicaragua. 1908 U.S. troops intervene in Panama for first of 4 times in next decade. 1909 Liberal President José Santos Zelaya of Nicaragua proposes that American mining and banana companies pay taxes; he has also appropriated church lands and legalized divorce, done business with European firms, and executed two Americans for participating in a rebellion. Forced to resign through U.S. pressure. The new president, Adolfo D�*az, is the former treasurer of an American mining company. 1910 U.S. Marines occupy Nicaragua to help support the D�*az regime. 1911 The Liberal regime of Miguel Dávila in Honduras has irked the State Department by being too friendly with Zelaya and by getting into debt with Britain. He is overthrown by former president Manuel Bonilla, aided by American banana tycoon Sam Zemurray and American mercenary Lee Christmas, who becomes commander-in-chief of the Honduran army. 1912 U.S. Marines intervene in Cuba to put down a rebellion of sugar workers. 1912 Nicaragua occupied again by the U.S., to shore up the inept D�*az government. An election is called to resolve the crisis: there are 4000 eligible voters, and one candidate, D�*az. The U.S. maintains troops and advisors in the country until 1925. 1914 U.S. bombs and then occupies Vera Cruz, in a conflict arising out of a dispute with Mexico's new government. President Victoriano Huerta resigns. 1915 U.S. Marines occupy Haiti to restore order, and establish a protectorate which lasts till 1934. The president of Haiti is barred from the U.S. Officers' Club in Port-au-Prince, because he is black. "Think of it-- niggers speaking French!" --secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, briefed on the Haitian situation 1916 Marines occupy the Dominican Republic, staying till 1924. ! 1916 Pancho Villa, in the sole act of Latin American aggression against the U.S, raids the city of Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17 Americans. "Am sure Villa's attacks are made in Germany." --James Gerard, U.S. ambassador to Berlin 1917 U.S. troops enter Mexico to pursue Pancho Villa. They can't catch him. 1917 Marines intervene again in Cuba, to guarantee sugar exports during WWI. 1918 U.S. Marines occupy Panamanian province of Chiriqui for two years to maintain public order. 1921 President Coolidge strongly suggests the overthrow of Guatemalan President Carlos Herrera, in the interests of United Fruit. The Guatemalans comply. 1925 U.S. Army troops occupy Panama City to break a rent strike and keep order. 1926 Marines, out of Nicaragua for less than a year, occupy the country again, to settle a volatile political situation. Secretary of State Kellogg describes a "Nicaraguan-Mexican-Soviet" conspiracy to inspire a "Mexican-Bolshevist hegemony" within striking distance of the Canal. "That intervention is not now, never was, and never will be a set policy of the United States is one of the most important facts President-elect Hoover has made clear." --NYT, 1928 1929 U.S. establishes a military academy in Nicaragua to train a National Guard as the country's army. Similar forces are trained in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. "There is no room for any outside influence other than ours in this region. We could not tolerate such a thing without incurring grave risks... Until now Central America has always understood that governments which we recognize and support stay in power, while those which we do not recognize and support fall. Nicaragua has become a test case. It is difficult to see how we can afford to be defeated." --Undersecretary of State Robert Olds 1930 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo emerges from the U.S.-trained National Guard to become dictator of the Dominican Republic. 1932 The U.S. rushes warships to El Salvador in response to a communist-led uprising. President Mart�*nez, however, prefers to put down the rebellion with his own forces, killing over 8000 people (the rebels had killed about 100). ! 1933 President Roosevelt announces the Good Neighbor policy. 1933 Marines finally leave Nicaragua, unable to suppress the guerrilla warfare of General Augusto César Sandino. Anastasio Somoza Garc�*a becomes the first Nicaraguan commander of the National Guard. "The Nicaraguans are better fighters than the Haitians, being of Indian blood, and as warriors similar to the aborigines who resisted the advance of civilization in this country." --NYT correspondent Harold Denny 1933 Roosevelt sends warships to Cuba to intimidate Gerardo Machado y Morales, who is massacring the people to put down nationwide strikes and riots. Machado resigns. The first provisional government lasts only 17 days; the second Roosevelt finds too left-wing and refuses to recognize. A pro-Machado counter-coup is put down by Fulgencio Batista, who with Roosevelt's blessing becomes Cuba's new strongman. ! 1934 Platt Amendment repealed. 1934 Sandino assassinated by agents of Somoza, with U.S. approval. Somoza assumes the presidency of Nicaragua two years later. To block his ascent, Secretary of State Cordell Hull explains, would be to intervene in the internal affairs of Nicaragua. ! 1936 U.S. relinquishes rights to unilateral intervention in Panama. 1941 Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia deposes Panamanian president Arias in a military coup-- first clearing it with the U.S. Ambassador. It was "a great relief to us, because Arias had been very troublesome and very pro-Nazi." --Secretary of War Henry Stimson 1943 The editor of the Honduran opposition paper El Cronista is summoned to the U.S. embassy and told that criticism of the dictator Tiburcio Car�*as Andino is damaging to the war effort. Shortly afterward, the paper is shut down by the government. 1944 The dictator Maximiliano Hernández Mart�*nez of El Salvador is ousted by a revolution; the interim government is overthrown five months later by the dictator's former chief of police. The U.S.'s immediate recognition of the new dictator does much to tarnish Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy in the eyes of Latin Americans. 1946 U.S. Army School of the Americas opens in Panama as a hemisphere-wide military academy. Its linchpin is the doctrine of National Security, by which the chief threat to a nation is internal subversion; this will be the guiding principle behind dictatorships in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Central America, and elsewhere. 1948 José Figueres Ferrer wins a short civil war to become President of Costa Rica. Figueres is supported by the U.S., which has informed San José that its forces in the Panama Canal are ready to come to the capital to end "communist control" of Costa Rica. 1954 Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, elected president of Guatemala, introduces land reform and seizes some idle lands of United Fruit-- proposing to pay for them the value United Fruit claimed on its tax returns. The CIA organizes a small force to overthrow him and begins training it in Honduras. When Arbenz naively asks for U.S. military help to meet this threat, he is refused; when he buys arms from Czechoslovakia it only proves he's a Red. Guatemala is "openly and diligently toiling to create a Communist state in Central America... only two hours' bombing time from the Panama Canal." --Life The CIA broadcasts reports detailing the imaginary advance of the "rebel army," and provides planes to strafe the capital. The army refuses to defend Arbenz, who resigns. The U.S.'s hand-picked dictator, Carlos Castillo Armas, outlaws political parties, reduces the franchise, and establishes the death penalty for strikers, as well as undoing Arbenz's land reform. Over 100,000 citizens are killed in the next 30 years of military rule. "This is the first instance in history where a Communist government has been replaced by a free one." --Richard Nixon 1957 Eisenhower establishes Office of Public Safety to train Latin American police forces. ! 1959 Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba. Several months earlier he had undertaken a triumphal tour through the U.S., which included a CIA briefing on the Red menace. "Castro's continued tawdry little melodrama of invasion." --Time, of Castro's warnings of an imminent U.S. invasion 1960 Eisenhower authorizes covert actions to get rid of Castro. Among other things, the CIA tries assassinating him with exploding cigars and poisoned milkshakes. Other covert actions against Cuba include burning sugar fields, blowing up boats in Cuban harbors, and sabotaging industrial equipment. 1960 The Canal Zone becomes the focus of U.S. counterinsurgency training. 1960 A new junta in El Salvador promises free elections; Eisenhower, fearing leftist tendencies, withholds recognition. A more attractive right-wing counter-coup comes along in three months. "Governments of the civil-military type of El Salvador are the most effective in containing communist penetration in Latin America." --John F. Kennedy, after the coup 1960 Guatemalan officers attempt to overthrow the regime of Presidente Fuentes; Eisenhower stations warships and 2000 Marines offshore while Fuentes puts down the revolt. [Another source says that the U.S. provided air support for Fuentes.] 1960s U.S. Green Berets train Guatemalan army in counterinsurgency techniques. Guatemalan efforts against its insurgents include aerial bombing, scorched-earth assaults on towns suspected of aiding the rebels, and death squads, which killed 20,000 people between 1966 and 1976. U.S. Army Col. John Webber claims that it was at his instigation that "the technique of counter-terror had been implemented by the army." "If it is necessary to turn the country into a cemetary in order to pacify it, I will not hesitate to do so." --President Carlos Arana Osorio 1961 U.S. organizes force of 1400 anti-Castro Cubans, ships it to the Bah�*a de los Cochinos. Castro's army routs it. 1961 CIA-backed coup overthrows elected Pres. J. M. Velasco Ibarra of Ecuador, who has been too friendly with Cuba. 1962 CIA engages in campaign in Brazil to keep João Goulart from achieving control of Congress. 1963 CIA-backed coup overthrows elected social democrat Juan Bosch in the Dominican Republic. 1963 A far-right-wing coup in Guatemala, apparently U.S.-supported, forestalls elections in which "extreme leftist" Juan José Arévalo was favored to win. "It is difficult to develop stable and democratic government [in Guatemala], because so many of the nation's Indians are illiterate and superstitious." --School textbook, 1964 1964 João Goulart of Brazil proposes agrarian reform, nationalization of oil. Ousted by U.S.-supported military coup. ! 1964 The free market in Nicaragua: The Somoza family controls "about one-tenth of the cultivable land in Nicaragua, and just about everything else worth owning, the country's only airline, one television station, a newspaper, a cement plant, textile mill, several sugar refineries, half-a-dozen breweries and distilleries, and a Mercedes-Benz agency." --Life World Library 1965 A coup in the Dominican Republic attempts to restore Bosch's government. The U.S. invades and occupies the country to stop this "Communist rebellion," with the help of the dictators of Brazil, Paraguay, Honduras, and Nicaragua. "Representative democracy cannot work in a country such as the Dominican Republic," Bosch declares later. Now why would he say that? 1966 U.S. sends arms, advisors, and Green Berets to Guatemala to implement a counterinsurgency campaign. "To eliminate a few hundred guerrillas, the government killed perhaps 10,000 Guatemalan peasants." --State Dept. report on the program 1967 A team of Green Berets is sent to Bolivia to help find and assassinate Che Guevara. 1968 Gen. José Alberto Medrano, who is on the payroll of the CIA, organizes the ORDEN paramilitary force, considered the precursor of El Salvador's death squads. ! 1970 In this year (just as an example), U.S. investments in Latin America earn $1.3 billion; while new investments total $302 million. 1970 Salvador Allende Gossens elected in Chile. Suspends foreign loans, nationalizes foreign companies. For the phone system, pays ITT the company's minimized valuation for tax purposes. The CIA provides covert financial support for Allende's opponents, both during and after his election. 1972 U.S. stands by as military suspends an election in El Salvador in which centrist José Napoleón Duarte was favored to win. (Compare with the emphasis placed on the 1982 elections.) 1973 U.S.-supported military coup kills Allende and brings Augusto Pinochet Ugarte to power. Pinochet imprisons well over a hundred thousand Chileans (torture and rape are the usual methods of interrogation), terminates civil liberties, abolishes unions, extends the work week to 48 hours, and reverses Allende's land reforms. 1973 Military takes power in Uruguay, supported by U.S. The subsequent repression reportedly features the world's highest percentage of the population imprisoned for political reasons. 1974 Office of Public Safety is abolished when it is revealed that police are being taught torture techniques. ! 1976 Election of Jimmy Carter leads to a new emphasis on human rights in Central America. Carter cuts off aid to the Guatemalan military (or tries to; some slips through) and reduces aid to El Salvador. ! 1979 Ratification of the Panama Canal treaty which is to return the Canal to Panama by 1999. "Once again, Uncle Sam put his tail between his legs and crept away rather than face trouble." --Ronald Reagan 1980 A right-wing junta takes over in El Salvador. U.S. begins massively supporting El Salvador, assisting the military in its fight against FMLN guerrillas. Death squads proliferate; Archbishop Romero is assassinated by right-wing terrorists; 35,000 civilians are killed in 1978-81. The rape and murder of four U.S. churchwomen results in the suspension of U.S. military aid for one month. The U.S. demands that the junta undertake land reform. Within 3 years, however, the reform program is halted by the oligarchy. "The Soviet Union underlies all the unrest that is going on." --Ronald Reagan 1980 U.S., seeking a stable base for its actions in El Salvador and Nicaragua, tells the Honduran military to clean up its act and hold elections. The U.S. starts pouring in $100 million of aid a year and basing the contras on Honduran territory. Death squads are also active in Honduras, and the contras tend to act as a state within a state. 1981 The CIA steps in to organize the contras in Nicaragua, who started the previous year as a group of 60 ex-National Guardsmen; by 1985 there are about 12,000 of them. 46 of the 48 top military leaders are ex-Guardsmen. The U.S. also sets up an economic embargo of Nicaragua and pressures the IMF and the World Bank to limit or halt loans to Nicaragua. 1981 Gen. Torrijos of Panama is killed in a plane crash. There is a suspicion of CIA involvement, due to Torrijos' nationalism and friendly relations with Cuba. 1982 A coup brings Gen. Efra�*n R�*os Montt to power in Guatemala, and gives the Reagan administration the opportunity to increase military aid. R�*os Montt's evangelical beliefs do not prevent him from accelerating the counterinsurgency campaign. 1983 Another coup in Guatemala replaces R�*os Montt. The new President, Oscar Mej�*a V�*ctores, was trained by the U.S. and seems to have cleared his coup beforehand with U.S. authorities. 1983 U.S. troops take over tiny Granada. Rather oddly, it intervenes shortly after a coup has overthrown the previous, socialist leader. One of the justifications for the action is the building of a new airport with Cuban help, which Granada claimed was for tourism and Reagan argued was for Soviet use. Later the U.S. announces plans to finish the airport... to develop tourism. 1983 Boland Amendment prohibits CIA and Defense Dept. from spending money to overthrow the government of Nicaragua-- a law the Reagan administration cheerfully violates. 1984 CIA mines three Nicaraguan harbors. Nicaragua takes this action to the World Court, which brings an $18 billion judgment against the U.S. The U.S. refuses to recognize the Court's jurisdiction in the case. 1984 U.S. spends $10 million to orchestrate elections in El Salvador-- something of a farce, since left-wing parties are under heavy repression, and the military has already declared that it will not answer to the elected president. 1989 U.S. invades Panama to dislodge CIA boy gone wrong Manuel Noriega, an event which marks the evolution of the U.S.'s favorite excuse from Communism to drugs. 1996 The U.S. battles global Communism by extending most-favored-nation trading status for China, and tightening the trade embargo on Castro's Cuba. Allemaal om de campesinos te helpen, natuurlijk!! ![]() |
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#87 | |
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 22 mei 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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Maar er komen er gegarandeerd nog boven, 1 of 2 weken voor de verkiezingen... wedden? ![]() |
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#88 | |||
Europees Commissaris
Geregistreerd: 5 september 2003
Berichten: 7.241
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![]() ![]() ![]() Filo, met welk doel post je die lijst hier als er niet eens bijstaat waar elke interventie over ging en met welk doel? Jij veronderstelt weeral doodleuk dat elke interventie op die lijst per sé "slecht" zou geweest zijn? ![]() en wat hebben Amerikaanse interventies van voor WOI in hemelsnaam met Bush te maken? Citaat:
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#89 | ||||
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 22 mei 2003
Locatie: Brussel
Berichten: 49.496
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Citaat:
Als het van mij afhing had die Saddam een naamloze kogel gekregen, lang geleden al... Als een paar Tunesiërs hier voor 300.000 bef Cools zijn komen omleggen, kun je wel denken dat er ook Palestijnen , Koerden of moerasarabieren moeten zijn die voor een dik pak meer Saddam omverschieten... (Sharon zou ook mooi zijn) In Israel hebben ze toch ook iemand gevonden om de vorige premier neer te schieten, hé... en die had niets misdaan, integendeel, die wasbezig met vredesbesprekingen...(ik denk niet dat de Mossad de israelische premier slechter bewaakt dan de Republikeinse wacht Saddam ![]() Waarom ik die lijst hier post? Simpelweg omdat Resistant 3000 om iets dergelijks vroeg, al lachende, OK, maarwat hij dacht een mop te zijn is bloedige ernst voor al die mensen daar... en om aan te tonen dat dat gewoon de amerikaanse standaardpolitiek is, al vele presidenten lang. Of die interventies allemaal slecht zijn? Ze bewijzen alleen dat de US prsidenten zich nooit geneerden om ergens anders "orde op zaken te gaan stellen ", volgens hun idee natuurlijk, maar strict genomen is elk van die interventies een oorlogsdaad, en Bush is zeker niet beter dan zijn voorgangers: hij ziet alleen niet op een 500.000 doden meer of minder, terwijl zijn voorgangers het beperkt hielden, en minder openlijk deden... (geef toe dat je niet wist dat er zoveel waren, voor één enkel continent...)Bush vindt gewoon dat[size=6] hij[/size] dat mag, de andere deden het nog in 't geniep...de nieuwe strategie van de PNAC is trouwens theatrale oorlogen, eventueel gelijktijdig, op verschillende plaatsen in de wereld, zodat niemand de hegemonie van de USA in vraag stelt. Europa is ook een mogelijk slachtoffer: in de amerikaanse pers werd openlijk met het idee gespeeld, Frankrijk te bombarderen, omdat die zich verzetten tegen de oorlog in Irak. Alléén België steunde Frankrijk nog openlijk, Duitsland in stilte, maar de rest van Europa zweeg....(toen werd er mee gedreigd, het NAVO-hoofdkwartier naar Warschau te verhuizen, remember?) We maken gewoon een grote verandering in de amerikaanse buitenlandse politiek mee: wat op die lijst discreet gebeurde zal voortaan theatraal gebeuren... Bereid je voor op een minder rustige wereld dan in de tijd van de USSR-US tegenstellingen. |
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#90 |
Vreemdeling
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![]() lol dat zijn geen veiligheidsnormen, dat is opzettelijk paniek zaaien en ik verwijt dit niet de amerikanen maar de junta.
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"Parels voor de zwijnen, mevrouw... Dank u meneer, maar hou de parels en laat de zwijnen maar kwijnen..." |
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#91 | |
Europees Commissaris
Geregistreerd: 5 september 2003
Berichten: 7.241
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Nogmaals: zou u ook zo lachen wanneer plotseling blijkt dat "een grapjas" een bom mee aan boord had zoals bij Reid? Dus: wat hebt u tegen versterkte veiligheidsnormen wanneer blijkt dat bepaalde mensen zich reeds bereid getoond hebben een vliegtuig in een toren vol mensen te vliegen? |
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#92 | ||
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 22 mei 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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#93 | |
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 22 mei 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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#94 | ||
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 22 mei 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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Lees wat ik hier al schreef: voor mij hadSaddam een discrete kogel moeten krijgen: als je voor 300.000 bef Tunesiers vindt om Cools te komen omleggen, dn vind je ook Koerden of moerasarabieren die 't voor wat meer bij Saddam willen doen! Beveiliging? Dacht je dat de Mossad knoeiers zijn tgo de republikeinse garde van Saddam? en toch vondt men iemand om in Israel de vorige te vredelievende premier neer te schieten... voor de prijs van één amerikaanse cruiserocket koop je de ganse republikeinse garde....en bespaar je je en de Irakis een oorlog... |
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#95 | ||
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 20 september 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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#96 | ||
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 20 september 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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#97 | ||
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 22 mei 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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#98 | ||
Banneling
Geregistreerd: 22 mei 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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#99 | ||
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 20 september 2003
Locatie: Brussel
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#100 | ||
Secretaris-Generaal VN
Geregistreerd: 20 september 2003
Locatie: Brussel
Berichten: 23.102
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In Belgie doet men inderdaad pas iets wanneer het al gebeurt is en dan nog... Jij denkt dus ook dat ze voor de lol die alarmfases afroepen? |
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