Vlaams Blok krijgt alweer gelijk!

[jan hyoens]

heb ik het of heb ik het? Ne topic over drugs en succes is verzekerd! Er is hier zelf een apart lopende topic over noord-zuidtransfers! Hela!

De reden waarom de vijf organisaties de drugswet willen vernietigen is natuurlijk niet dezelfde als die van het Blok maar het Blok (en de CD&V en niveanen) had de regering gewaarschuwd dat deze wet van alle kanten mangelde! en we krijgen gelijk! Laten we dus de pro en contradrugs discussie niet herbeginnen! er lopen hierover al 10talle topics!

[thePiano]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door jan hyoens

Laten we dus de pro en contradrugs discussie niet herbeginnen! er lopen hierover al 10talle topics!

Wie heeft er dan deze topic weer opgestart?

[jan hyoens]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door thePiano

Wie heeft er dan deze topic weer opgestart?

jij, dju nu weer ik! piano gedomme hou u bij uw leest en begint weer een topicse over de helden van de repressie; zatte juul en joske krapul!

[filosoof]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door Strop

Lapperdelapperdelap, samen met dat Vlaming lievende PS, MR of beter nog het FDF ??

dat is er al, het cordon, zegt u dat iets ???

Een Nederlander moet mij ook niet zeggen wat te doen in eigen land, geen enkele buitenlander

Een Nederlander moet mij ook niet zeggen wat te doen in eigen land, geen enkele buitenlander

Jij hebt duidelijk iets tegen buitenlanders....: dat noemmt men xenofobie...

[filosoof]

dubbel gepost=>knip

[thePiano]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door jan hyoens

jij, dju nu weer ik! piano gedomme hou u bij uw leest en begint weer een topicse over de helden van de repressie; zatte juul en joske krapul!

Klopt, toevallig waren dat ook echte namen van flaminganten in de jaren zeventig.

Voeg daar nog bij: grijze maurice, schele fons en zotte gust en je hebt de vijf oprichters van het VB in 1979 opgenoemd 8)

[jeanblanquart]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door thePiano

Omdat die Nederlandse wet ook kaas met gaten is. Nederland staat toe dat cannabis verhandelt en gebruikt wordt (in matige hoeveelheden) maar staat de productie ervan niet toe. Geef toe, hier klopt iets niet. Laat de mensen zelf hunne lekkere salade legaal kweken, en dan schakel je meteen de georganiseerde misdaad uit en wordt de kwaliteit ook beter en controleerbaarder voor de gebruiker.

Deze info klopt niet helemaal piano:

- de Nederlandse wet laat geen productie, handel en gebruik toe:
- productie wordt voor eigen gebruik als allerlaatste vervolgingsprioriteit gezien, dus in de praktijk zelden of nooit vervolgd (tenzij d epolitie je wil klissen om andere redenen, dan zullen ze dit als stok achter de deur nemen en dat lukt ook! vandaar trouwens dat ik altijd zeg dat de drugwet en het prohibitionisme door haar willekeur ook een politiek wapen is)
- productie voor derden wordt als hogere prioriteit gezien en is dus vaker vervolgd!
- kleinhandel (in coffeeshops) wordt gedoogd ondr zeer strenge voorwaarden
- groothandel wordt beteugeld
- gebruik wordt gedoogd, maar overlast niet: bovendien kan een cannabisgebruiker altijd nog vervolgd worden oor drugbezit (laagste prioriteit maar WEL MOGELIJK !!!
- import en export zijn verboden (vandaar dat heel wat Belgische, duitse en Franse gebruikers aan de grens geklist worden.. Heel wat coffeeshopeigenaars in de grensgemeenten werken trouwens met de politie en doeane mee en geven NA verkoop tips, zodat de gebruikers even later aan het station aangehouden worden !

Los daarvan, een drugbeleid dat enkel rond cannabis geaxeerd is, erkt langs geen kanten: er is nodo aan één coherent drugbeleid, ongeacht het product (dat imemrs weinig betekenis heeft, ook l is harmreduction per product verschillend omdat je sommige producten bijvoorbeeld gemakkelijker kan roken dan een ander... )

Ik ken de ontwikkeling van het Nederlands drugbeleid redelijk goed aangezien ik het bestudeerd heb voor min doctoraat en ook samen met de gebruikersgroepen in één van de adviescommissie svan de Paarse drugsnota heb gezeten en nog steeds actie flid ben van het L.O.G. (landelijk Overleg Gebruikers, de koepelorganisatie van alle druggebruikersr oganisaties in Nederland).

[filosoof]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door jeanblanquart

Deze info klopt niet helemaal piano:

- de Nederlandse wet laat geen productie, handel en gebruik toe:
- productie wordt voor eigen gebruik als allerlaatste vervolgingsprioriteit gezien, dus in de praktijk zelden of nooit vervolgd (tenzij d epolitie je wil klissen om andere redenen, dan zullen ze dit als stok achter de deur nemen en dat lukt ook! vandaar trouwens dat ik altijd zeg dat de drugwet en het prohibitionisme door haar willekeur ook een politiek wapen is)
- productie voor derden wordt als hogere prioriteit gezien en is dus vaker vervolgd!
- kleinhandel (in coffeeshops) wordt gedoogd ondr zeer strenge voorwaarden
- groothandel wordt beteugeld
- gebruik wordt gedoogd, maar overlast niet: bovendien kan een cannabisgebruiker altijd nog vervolgd worden oor drugbezit (laagste prioriteit maar WEL MOGELIJK !!!
- import en export zijn verboden (vandaar dat heel wat Belgische, duitse en Franse gebruikers aan de grens geklist worden.. Heel wat coffeeshopeigenaars in de grensgemeenten werken trouwens met de politie en doeane mee en geven NA verkoop tips, zodat de gebruikers even later aan het station aangehouden worden !

Los daarvan, een drugbeleid dat enkel rond cannabis geaxeerd is, erkt langs geen kanten: er is nodo aan één coherent drugbeleid, ongeacht het product (dat imemrs weinig betekenis heeft, ook l is harmreduction per product verschillend omdat je sommige producten bijvoorbeeld gemakkelijker kan roken dan een ander... )

Ik ken de ontwikkeling van het Nederlands drugbeleid redelijk goed aangezien ik het bestudeerd heb voor min doctoraat en ook samen met de gebruikersgroepen in één van de adviescommissie svan de Paarse drugsnota heb gezeten en nog steeds actie flid ben van het L.O.G. (landelijk Overleg Gebruikers, de koepelorganisatie van alle druggebruikersr oganisaties in Nederland).

Zoals men terecht verkopers en fabrikanten heeft verplicht, de gebruikers van tabak (en soms ook van alcohol) te waarschuwen voor de gevaren verbonden aan de consumptie ervan, zou de nederlandse regering ook een ontradingscampagne moeten voeren...


ik denk aan de studie vorig jaar in het BMJ gepubliceerd werd (en soortgelijke waarschuwingen van de Académie Française de Médecine):
bmj.com/cgi/content/full/325/7374/1183
Gemakkelijk te Googlen met de woorden <bmj cannabis mental health cohort>
Papers
[size=5]Cannabis use and mental health in young people:[/size]
cohort study
George C Patton, Carolyn Coffey, John B Carlin, Louisa Degenhardt, Michael Lynskey,Wayne Hall
Abstract
Objective To determine whether cannabis use in
adolescence predisposes to higher rates of depression
and anxiety in young adulthood.
Design Seven wave cohort study over six years.
Setting 44 schools in the Australian state of Victoria.
Participants A statewide secondary school sample of
1601 students aged 14�*15 followed for seven years.
Main outcome measure Interview measure of
depression and anxiety (revised clinical interview
schedule) at wave 7.
Results Some 60% of participants had used cannabis
by the age of 20; 7% were daily users at that point.
Daily use in young women was associated with an
over fivefold increase in the odds of reporting a state
of depression and anxiety after adjustment for
intercurrent use of other substances (odds ratio 5.6,
95% confidence interval 2.6 to 12).Weekly or more
frequent cannabis use in teenagers predicted an
approximately twofold increase in risk for later
depression and anxiety (1.9, 1.1 to 3.3) after
adjustment for potential baseline confounders. In
contrast, depression and anxiety in teenagers
predicted neither later weekly nor daily cannabis use.
Conclusions Frequent cannabis use in teenage girls
predicts later depression and anxiety, with daily users
carrying the highest risk. Given recent increasing
levels of cannabis use, measures to reduce frequent
and heavy recreational use seem warranted.
Introduction
After increases in cannabis use during the early 1990s,
a majority of young people in the United Kingdom,
United States, New Zealand, and Australia now use
cannabis recreationally.1 2 Despite the high prevalence
of cannabis use, uncertainty persists about its physical
and psychological consequences.3
Among the most prominent concerns have been
putative links between use of cannabis and mental dis�*
orders. A large intake of cannabis seems able to trigger
acute psychotic episodes and may worsen outcomes in
established psychosis.4 5 Associations with non�*
psychotic disorders have received less attention. Yet
evidence for an association between cannabis use and
depression and anxiety has grown.6 Chronic daily users
report high levels of anxiety, depression, fatigue, and
their motivation is low.7 In one recent survey of young
adults, over a third reported symptoms of anxiety that
were associated with cannabis use; young women
reported these more commonly.8 Cross sectional asso�*
ciations between cannabis use and depression and
anxiety have now been reported in surveys in both
adolescents and adults,9 10 although not all studies have
found an association in male participants.11
Questions remain about the level of association
between cannabis use and depression and anxiety and
about the mechanism underpinning the link. Pre�*
existing symptoms might raise the likelihood of canna�*
bis use through a mechanism of self medication.12
Alternatively, cannabis use may be more likely in
people with a background of social adversity or
particular characteristics—factors that might also raise
risks for mental disorders. Cannabis may also carry a
direct risk for depression and anxiety.
We examined the risks for later depression and
anxiety associated with cannabis use in teenagers. Spe�*
cifically, the study addressed three questions. Firstly,
does cannabis use in adolescents predict the develop�*
ment of symptoms of depression and anxiety in young
adults? Secondly, do symptoms of depression and
anxiety in adolescence predict cannabis use in young
adults? Thirdly, is any relation explained by factors
such as family background or intercurrent use of other
substances?
Methods
Sample
Between August 1992 and December 1998 we
conducted a seven wave cohort study of adolescent
health in the Australian state of Victoria. The cohort
was defined in a two stage cluster sample, in which we
selected two classes at random from each of 44 schools
drawn from a stratified frame of government run,
Catholic, and independent schools (total number of
students 60 905). School retention rates to year nine in
the year of sampling were 98%. One class from each
school entered the cohort in the latter part of the ninth
school year (wave 1) and the second class six months
later, early in the 10th school year (wave 2). Participants
were subsequently reviewed at six month intervals for
the next two years (waves 3 to 6), with a final follow up
(wave 7) at the age of 20�*21, three years after the final
school year in Victoria. In waves 1 to 6, participants self
administered the questionnaire on laptop computers,13
and those absent from school were followed up by tele�*
Editorial by Rey and
Tennant
Papers pp 1199,
1212
Centre for
Adolescent Health,
Murdoch Children's
Research Institute,
Parkville, Victoria
3052, Australia
George C Patton
professor of adolescent
health
Carolyn Coffey
epidemiologist
Clinical
Epidemiology and
Biostatistics Unit,
Murdoch Children's
Research Institute
John B Carlin
director of unit
National Drug and
Alcohol Research
Centre, University
of New South
Wales, Sydney 2052,
Australia
Louisa Degenhardt
research fellow
Department of
Psychiatry,
Washington
University School of
Medicine, St Louis,
MO 63110, USA
Michael Lynskey
visiting research
fellow
Office of Public
Policy and Ethics,
Institute for
Molecular
Bioscience,
University of
Queensland,
Brisbane 4072,
Australia
Wayne Hall
professor of bioethics
Correspondence to:
G Patton
gpatton@cryptic.
rch.unimelb.edu.au
BMJ 2002;325:1195–8
1195 BMJ VOLUME 325 23 NOVEMBER 2002 bmj.com
phone. The seventh wave of data collection used com�*
puter assisted telephone interviews. All stages of the
study were approved by the ethics committee of the
Royal Children's Hospital.
From a total sample of 2032 students, 1947 (95.8%)
participated at least once during the first six
(adolescent) waves. In wave 7, 1601 young adults (79%
of the initial sample or 82% of teenage participants)
were interviewed between April and December 1998.
Response rates are shown in figure 1. Reasons for non�*
completion at follow up were refusal (n=152), loss of
contact (n=192), and death (n=2). We examined
characteristics of non�*completers in a logistic
regression model. Male participants were over�*
represented (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval
1.5 to 2.4), as were parental divorce or separation (1.8,
1.4 to 2.5), and daily tobacco smoking at study
inception (2.1, 1.5 to 2.9). Neither teenage depression
and anxiety nor cannabis use were independently
associated with loss to follow up. The mean age at wave
1 was 14.5 (SD 0.5) years; at wave 7 it was 20.7 (0.5)
years. Of the 1601 participants in wave 7, 1130 (71%)
still lived at home, 429 (27%) lived with others, and 42
(3%) lived alone. A total of 1345 (82%) had completed
the final year of school; 1355 (85%) had started
post�*school study.
Measures
We used the computerised revised clinical interview
schedule (CIS�*R) to assess depression and anxiety at
each wave.14 The schedule provides data on the
frequency, severity, persistence, and intrusiveness of 14
common psychiatric symptoms and has been widely
used in population based surveys.15 A total score of 12
or greater was taken to define a mixed state of depres�*
sion and anxiety at a lower threshold than syndromes
of major depression and anxiety disorder but one
where clinical intervention would still be appropriate.16
We assessed cannabis use on the basis of self
reported frequency of use in the previous six months in
waves 1 to 6 and in the previous 12 months in wave 7.
This allowed classification as never used, less than weekly
use, at least weekly use, and daily use (defined as using on
five or more days per week), and initiation after wave 6.
We assessed use of alcohol, tobacco, and other illicit
drugs (including ecstasy, heroin, amphetamines, LSD,
and steroids) on the basis of self reported frequency of
use and with retrospective diaries over seven days for
participants reporting recent drinking or smoking.
Participants drinking on three or more days in the pre�*
vious week were classified as frequent drinkers.
We assessed antisocial behaviour in waves 1 to 6 by
using items from the self reported early delinquency
scale that covered property damage, interpersonal vio�*
lence, and theft.17
Analysis
We collected data at a developmental point when
young people are difficult to trace because of high
mobility. Although the response rate was high and
attrition low, 70% of respondents missed at least one
wave of data collection, which led to potential bias in
summary measures of exposure to cannabis and
mental health problems calculated from the six waves
of data collection among adolescents. To circumvent
this, we used multiple imputation with five complete
datasets created by imputation under the multivariate
mixed effects model of Schafer and Yucel, incorporat�*
ing the covariates sex, age, rural or urban residence,
and parental education (available for all partici�*
pants).18 19 These covariates were strongly associated
with missingness, and the model incorporated a
random effects structure to accommodate correlation
within participants over time.We constructed principal
measures by classifying participants according to
whether they fell into categories of interest at least
once during wave 1 to 6 (adolescence) and, separately,
in wave 7 (young adulthood). Data analysis was
performed with Stata 7. We modelled associations by
univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses
and usedWald tests and related confidence intervals to
assess statistical significance and precision.
Results
Altogether 71 male participants (9.7%, 95% confidence
interval 7.5% to 12%) and 188 (22%, 19% to 25%) of
female participants reported depression and anxiety as
young adults (odds ratio 2.6, 1.9 to 3.5). Sixty six per
cent (484/731) of male participants and 52%
(448/859) of female participants reported using
cannabis at some time (11 participants did not respond
to this question), with three quarters starting use when
they were teenagers. Twenty per cent (146; 17% to
22%) of male participants and 8% (69; 6% to 10%) of
female participants were using cannabis at least weekly,
with 10% (73; 8% to 12%) of young men and 4% (37;
3% to 6%) of young women using it daily.
Cannabis and depression in young adults
The prevalence of depression and anxiety increased
with higher extents of cannabis use, but this pattern
was clearest in female participants (table 1). We used
logistic regression to analyse the level of association
between depression and anxiety and cannabis use in
young adults (table 2) after adjustment for concurrent
substance use. We found a significant interaction
between sex and daily cannabis use. In the adjusted
model, young women who used cannabis daily had an
over fivefold increase in the odds of depression and
anxiety found in non�*users.
Cannabis in adolescence and depression in young
adults
We used logistic regression to examine the prediction
of depression and anxiety in young adults by cannabis
use in adolescence. In the univariate analysis a dose
response was evident: daily use in female teenagers
1st sample
(n=1037)
Wave 1
(n=898;
87%)
late 1992
2nd sample
(n=995)
Total intended sample (n=2032)
Total achieved sample (n=1947; 96%)
Wave 2
(n=1728;
85%)
early 1993
Wave 3
(n=1699;
84%)
late 1993
Wave 4
(n=1629;
80%)
early 1994
Wave 5
(n=1576;
78%)
late 1994
Wave 6
(n=1530;
75%)
early 1995
Wave 7
(n=1601;
79%)
1998
Young
adult
survey
Adolescent phase
Fig 1 Participation rates of 2032 secondary school students in the Victorian adolescent health
cohort study. The percentages in waves 2�*7 are the proportions of the total intended sample
for which complete data were collected
Papers
1196 BMJ VOLUME 325 23 NOVEMBER 2002 bmj.com
predicted fourfold higher odds of later depression and
anxiety (odds ratio 4.2, 1.6 to 11), weekly use a twofold
elevation (2.3, 1.3 to 4.2). In the multivariate model we
collapsed the top categories of cannabis use (table 3).
The interaction between sex and weekly or more
frequent use was significant. An almost twofold
increase in risk for weekly or more frequent users who
were female persisted after adjustment for potential
confounders.
Depression in adolescence and cannabis in young
adults
We considered whether depression and anxiety in ado�*
lescence predicted later cannabis use in young
adulthood in two further logistic regression models,
examining the predictions of weekly and daily use
(table 4). After adjustment for adolescent cannabis use
and other potential confounders, adolescent depres�*
sion and anxiety predicted neither weekly nor daily
use.
Discussion
Around 60% of the statewide secondary school sample
had used cannabis recreationally by young adulthood;
most participants first experimented while at second�*
ary school. By young adulthood 7% were daily users
and in young women this level of use was associated
with over five times the odds of depression and anxiety
found in non�*users. In young women, weekly use as
teenagers predicted a twofold increase in later depres�*
sion and anxiety and daily use a fourfold increase. In
contrast, depression in teenagers did not predict
higher cannabis use.
Strengths
Earlier cohort studies had a limited capacity to
address the key questions of this study. One study
reported a prospective relation between cannabis use
and later depression but started well after the risk
period of onset for both.20 Two important studies in
adolescence examined either monthly cannabis use or
use in the preceding year—doses that in the light of
this study are unlikely to be associated with mental
health problems.21 22
Our close to representative sample, high rates of
participation, and frequent measures during partici�*
pants' teenage years are strengths of this study. A tele�*
phone interview strategy was used in data collection in
the last wave, and, although prevalence estimates may
vary slightly as a result, it is unlikely to have caused a
systematic bias in patterns of association. The use of
multiple imputation minimised measurement biases
arising from missing data during the teenage years, but
we did not attempt to adjust for differential
participation of young adults. Even though depression
and anxiety in teenagers and cannabis use did not pre�*
dict dropout from the study, the difference in
non�*responders on other factors (for example, sex or
family structure) may have had some bearing on the
specification of associations.
What the results might mean
Possible explanations for the high degree of depres�*
sion and anxiety found in young women who used
cannabis often include underlying characteristics that
predispose to both anxiety and depression, self
medication of pre�*existing depressive symptoms, and
an adverse effect of cannabis on mental health.21 The
association with cannabis use persisted after adjust�*
ment for concurrent use of alcohol, tobacco, and other
illicit substances as well as indices of family
disadvantage—findings consistent with a more direct
relation. We considered self medication with cannabis
Table 1 Prevalence of depression and anxiety according to cannabis use by sex in 1590 young adults in wave 7 (n=1601) of the
Victorian adolescent health cohort study
Frequency of cannabis use in
previous 12 months
Men Women
No % (95% CI) Odds ratio* (95% CI) No % (95% CI) Odds ratio* (95% CI)
None to <5 times ever 523 9 (6 to 11) (1) 744 19 (17 to 22) (1)
5 times ever to less than weekly 62 10 (2 to 17) 1.1 (0.46 to 2.8) 46 17 (6 to 29) 0.87 (0.40 to 1.9)
1 to 4 times per week 73 12 (5 to 20) 1.5 (0.70 to 3.2) 32 31 (14 to 48) 1.9 (0.87 to 4.1)
Daily 73 15 (7 to 23) 1.9 (0.93 to 3.8) 37 68 (52 to 83) 8.6 (4.2 to 18)
*Obtained from univariate logistic regression models.
11 (7 female) participants in wave 7 did not answer the questions about cannabis use.
*Obtained from univariate logistic regression models.
Table 2 Association between cannabis use in the previous 12 months and depression
and anxiety in 1590 young adults in wave 7 (n=1601) of the Victorian adolescent health
study, derived from a multivariate logistic model
Cannabis use No Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
None to <5 times in previous 12 months 1267 1
5 times ever to <weekly 108 0.80 (0.44 to 1.5)
1�*4 times/week 105 1.1 (0.60 to 2.0)
Daily*:
Men 73 1.1 (0.55 to 2.6)
Women 37 5.6 (2.6 to 12)
Female sex in the absence of daily cannabis use 822 2.5 (1.8 to 3.4)
Odds ratios are adjusted for parental separation, parental education, current smoking, frequency of drinking,
and use of other illicit drugs.
11 (7 female) participants did not answer the questions about cannabis use in wave 7.
*Wald test for interaction between daily cannabis use and sex: P=0.003.
Table 3 Association of cannabis use in teenagers with later depression and anxiety in
1601 young adults in wave 7 of the Victorian adolescent health cohort study
Measures in waves 1�*6 No*
Unadjusted odds ratio
(95% CI)
Adjusted odds ratio
(95% CI)�*
Depression and anxiety (at least one wave) 744 6 (4.3 to 8.4) 5.1 (3.6 to 7.3)
Maximal cannabis use
None 1083 1 1
<Weekly 332 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) 1.4 (94 to 2.0)
>Weekly‡:
Male teenagers 108 0.62 (0.24 to 1.6) 0.47 (0.17 to 1.3)
Female teenagers 78 2.6 (1.6 to 4.3) 1.9 (1.1 to 3.3)
Female sex in the absence of >weekly
cannabis use
788 2.3 (1.6 to 3.1) 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3)
*Numbers for adolescent cannabis use and depression and anxiety were estimated from five imputed
datasets.
�*Odds ratios by the highest frequency of cannabis use in teenagers (waves 1 to 6), obtained by using a
multivariate logistic model, adjusted for teenagers' depression and anxiety, alcohol use, antisocial behaviour,
parental separation, and parental education.
‡Wald test for interaction between more frequent than weekly cannabis use and sex: unadjusted P<0.001,
adjusted P=0.011.
Papers
1197 BMJ VOLUME 325 23 NOVEMBER 2002 bmj.com
but found no prospective relation between depression
and anxiety in adolescence and later frequent cannabis
use, consistent with an earlier report.22
The persistence of associations in the multivariate
models and the evidence for a prospective dose�*
response relation are consistent with a view that
frequent use of cannabis in young people increases the
risks of later depression and anxiety. Psychosocial
mechanisms—for example, the adoption of a counter�*
cultural lifestyle—possibly underlie the association.
Social consequences of frequent use include edu�*
cational failure, dropout, unemployment, and crime—
all factors that may lead to higher rates of mental
disorders. Because risks seem confined largely to daily
users, however, the question about a direct pharmaco�*
logical effect remains. Cannabinoid receptors (CB1)
are found widely in the central nervous system, with a
distribution that is consistent with effects on a wide
range of brain functions including memory, emotion,
cognition, and movement.23
Cannabis use in young people remains a controver�*
sial area, and absence of good data has handicapped the
development of rational public health policies.3 These
findings contribute to evidence that frequent cannabis
use may have a deleterious effect on mental health
beyond a risk for psychotic symptoms. Strategies to
reduce frequent use of cannabis might reduce the level
of mental disorders in young people.
Contributors: GCP was the principal investigator and prepared
the manuscript. CC was the study coordinator and contributed
to data analysis and manuscript preparation. JBC contributed to
the data analysis and manuscript preparation. LD,ML, and WH
contributed to the preparation of the manuscript. GCP is the
guarantor.
Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council and
Victorian Health Promotion Foundation.
Competing interests: None declared.
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15 Bebbington PE, Dunn G, Jenkins R, Lewis G, Brugha TS, Farrell M, et al.
The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions:
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1998;28:9�*19.
16 Lewis G, Pelosi AJ, Araya R, Dunn G. Measuring psychiatric disorder in
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instrument for New Zealand. Aust N Z J Criminol 1988;21:227�*40.
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1987.
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mixed�*effects models with missing values. J Comput Graph Stat
2002;11:437�*57.
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J Psychiatry 2001;158:2033�*7.
21 Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial
adjustment in young adults. Addiction 1997;92:279�*96.
22 McGee R, Williams S, Poulton RG, Moffitt TE. A longitudinal study of
cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood.
Addiction 2000;95:491�*503.
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1999;58:315�*48.
(Accepted 15 August 2002)
Table 4 Association of cannabis use in teenagers (waves 1�*6) with later depression and
anxiety in 1590 young adults in wave 7 (n=1601) of the Victorian adolescent health
cohort study
Measures in waves 1 to 6 No*
Odds ratio (95% CI)�*
>Weekly use Daily use
Depression and anxiety: at least one wave 739 1.2 (0.86 to 1.8) 1.3 (0.80 to 2.2)
Maximal cannabis use:
None 1074 1 1
<Weekly 330 3.7 (2.4 to 5.6) 3.1 (1.7 to 5.7)
>Weekly 185 15 (9.2 to 23) 15 (8.2 to 27)
Female sex 859 0.38 (0.26 to 0.54) 0.5 (0.29 to 0.77)
11 (7 female) participants in wave 7 did not answer the questions about cannabis use.
*Numbers for adolescent cannabis use and depression and anxiety estimated from five imputed datasets.
�*Odds ratios obtained by using multivariate logistic models, adjusted for teenagers' cannabis use, drinking
frequency, parental separation, and parental education.
What is already known on this topic
Frequent recreational use of cannabis has been
linked to high rates of depression and anxiety in
cross sectional surveys and studies of long term
users
Why cannabis users have higher rates of
depression and anxiety is uncertain
Previous longitudinal studies of cannabis use in
youth have not analysed associations with frequent
cannabis use
What this study adds
A strong association between daily use of cannabis
and depression and anxiety in young women
persists after adjustment for intercurrent use of
other substances
Frequent cannabis use in teenage girls predicts
later higher rates of depression and anxiety
Depression and anxiety in teenagers do not
predict later cannabis use; self medication is
therefore unlikely to be the reason for the
association
Endpiece
Surgical innovation
It is infinitely better to transplant a heart than to
bury it so it can be devoured by worms.
Christiaan Barnard (1922�*2001), who performed
the first human heart transplant in 1967
Submitted by Max Edwards,
surgical trainee, London
Papers
1198 BMJ VOLUME 325 23 NOVEMBER 2002 bmj.com

[filosoof]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door Distel

De beste manier om fascistische stromingen aan de macht te krijgen is nochthans door ze te verbieden. Enerzijds duw je ze zo in een underdog-positie, anderzijds ben je dan zelf heel hard aan het lenen bij fascistische regimes... Vooral zo voort doen!

Ja, dat liedje kennen we...Vooral niet in een underdogpositie duwen? In een Upperdogpositie dan, zoals Hindenburg het met Hitler deed ? Is d�*t jouw oplossing? Néé, bedankt!!

[filosoof]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door jan hyoens

Vijf organisaties vragen vernietiging drugswet!

De omstreden drugswet die 7 maanden geleden van kracht werd, zou wel eens helemaal onderuit gehaald kunnen worden. 5 organisaties hebben het Arbitragehof immers om de vernieting ervan verzocht.
De verenigingen waaronder de Liga voor de mensenrechten en een paar drugpreventie-organiaties,zeggen dat de wet van mei 2003 veel te vaag is.Daardoor is de rechtszekerheid voor de burger onvoldoende verzekerd.

HLN 09/12/03

En wat had het Blok gezegd?...

Jan,
Niet belachelijk doen, als morgen jouw het zwartblok het telefoonboek overschrijft, en verklaart dat dat een lijst van telefoonbezitters is of zegt dat je moet kunnen zwemmen om niet te verdrinken of zo, dan heben ze ook gelijk:
open deuren instampen heet dat bij mij, en ze zijn wel zo slim om tussen al hun (expletive deleted) propaganda en standpunten een aantal van die open deuren te schuiven, kwestie van "redelijk" over te komen bij de brave mensen: Hitlar zag ook graag kleine kindjes en huisdieren...!

[ancapa]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door thePiano

Klopt, toevallig waren dat ook echte namen van flaminganten in de jaren zeventig.

Voeg daar nog bij: grijze maurice, schele fons en zotte gust en je hebt de vijf oprichters van het VB in 1979 opgenoemd 8)

piano doet een poging tot humor... Het Vlaams Blok en zijn kiezers zijn heel wat meer dan een klein aantal sociale gevallen
of zat je weer een jointje te paffen !

In die tijd moesten die zakenmensen studeren !

[jan hyoens]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door filosoof

Hitlar zag ook graag kleine kindjes en huisdieren...![/b]

jij niet misschien?

[Bece]

Er zijn toch nog altijd mensen die denken dat België een democratie is.

[filosoof]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door jan hyoens

jij niet misschien?

kinderen wél, maar huisdieren vind ik toch onhygiënische lastposten... maar d�*t is niet het punt hier!!