Wie is eerste in organisatie van onafhankelijkheids-referendum?

[Txiki]

Cartoon uit de Baskische krant "Berria" over de bevraging die de Baskische Autonome Regering wil doen.

Ik vertaal.

1ste prent: Braveheart in "Bevraging".

2de prent: "En we zullen een bevraging organiseren! Als vier-uurtje, wat verkiezen jullie: boterhamworst of kaas?" Het publiek unaniem: "kaas!"

3de prent: "Voila, de bevraging is gebeurd". Roept er toch eentje: "boterhamworst".
Braveheart: "bol het af!"

ps: de Braveheart heeft hier de kop en de oren van Ibarretxe, de Baskische Autonome President

[Jaani_Dushman]

Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door lombas

Bakunin, On representative government and universal suffrage, 1870.

In Switzerland, as in all other nations, however egalitarian its political institutions may be, it is the bourgeoisie who rule and it is the working masses, including the peasants, who must obey the laws made by the bourgeoisie. The people have neither the time nor the requisite knowledge to participate in governmental functions. The bourgeoisie possess both; hence, not by right, but in fact, they hold the exclusive privilege of governing. Political equality in Switzerland, as in all other countries, is therefore a puerile fiction, an absolute fraud.

Now, since the bourgeoisie by virtue of their economic and political privileges are so far removed from the people, how can their governing and their laws truly express the feelings, ideas, and will of the people? It is impossible, and daily experience demonstrates that in the legislative and all other branches of government, the bourgeoisie is primarily concerned with promoting its own interests and not the legitimate interests of the people. True, all district officials and legislators are directly or indirectly elected by, the people. True, on election day even the proudest bourgeois office seekers are forced to court their majesty, The Sovereign People. They come to the sovereign populace, hat in hand, professing no other wish than to serve them. For the office seeker this is an unpleasant chore, soon over and therefore to be patiently endured. The day after election everybody goes about his business, the people go back to toil anew the bourgeoisie to reaping profits and to political conniving. – They seldom meet and never greet each other till the next election when the farce is repeated... Since popular control in the representative system is the sole guarantee of popular freedom, it is obvious that this freedom too is wholly spurious.

To correct the obvious defects of this system, the radical democrats of the Zurich Canton introduced the referendum, direct legislation by the people. The referendum is also an ineffective remedy; another fraud. In order to vote intelligently on proposals made by legislators or measures advanced by interested groups, the people must have the time and the necessary, knowledge to study these measures thoroughly... . The referendum is meaningful only on those rare occasions when the proposed legislation vitally affects and arouses all the people, and the issues involved are clearly understood by everyone. But almost all the proposed laws are so specialized, so intricate, that only political experts can grasp how they would ultimately affect the people. The people, of course, do not even begin to understand or pay attention to the proposed laws and vote for them blindly when urged to do so by their favorite orators.

Interessant stukje. Alleen zijn verklaringen voor het stemgedrag van de mensen, zijn nog wat povertjes. Voor een degelijkere uitleg, was het wachten op Gramsci.