Perm. Vertegenwoordiger VN
Geregistreerd: 7 februari 2006
Berichten: 19.121
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Citaat:
Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door Pindar
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Sta me even toe om brandhout te maken van die post....
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Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door alternativescience
Darwinism -- The forbidden subject
It isn't scientific investigation of Darwinism that's forbidden -- it's public debate of the findings of such research. Most educated, rational people will find it almost impossible to believe that the debate of Darwinism through mainstream news papers and the principal TV channels is forbidden. I still find it hard to believe myself.
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Onbewezen statement.
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The article below was first commissioned and later censored by the Times Higher Education Supplement. (The circumstances under which it came to be censored, following the intervention of Dr Richard Dawkins, are described in the pages on Scientific Censorship).
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De auteur begrijpt het begrip "censuur" niet.
Citaat:
The readers of the Times Higher Education Supplement (a large proportion of the University lecturers of Britain) have thus been prevented from learning of its contents. Now you have the facts before you and can make up your own mind.
Neo-Darwinism: time to reconsider
It was the dazzling gains made by science and technology in the nineteenth century through the application of rational analysis that led people to think of applying reason to other fields.
Following the brilliant success of reason and method in physics and chemistry -- especially in medicine -- it was natural for science to seek to apply the same analytical tool to the most intractable and complex problems: human society and economic affairs; human psychology; and even the origin and development of life itself. The result was the great mechanistic philosophies of the last century: Marxism, Freudianism and Darwinism.
The simplicities and certainties of these systems mirrored the intellectually well-ordered life of Victorian society with its authoritarian values and institutionalised prejudices. Now, a century later, all three systems have run their course, have been measured by history, and have been ultimately found to be inadequate tools of explanation.
Unlike Marx and Freud, Darwin himself remains esteemed both as a highly original thinker and as a careful researcher (his study of fossil barnacles remains a text book example for palaeontologists).But the theory that bears his name was transformed in the early years of this century into the mechanistic, reductionist theory of neo-Darwinism: the theory that living creatures are machines whose only goal is genetic replication -- a matter of chemistry and statistics; or, in the words of professor Jacques Monod, director of the Pasteur Institute, a matter only of "chance and necessity". 1
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Die stelling is in essentie correct, elk organisme streeft om zich te reproduceren, mens incluus.
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And while the evidence for evolution itself remains persuasive -- especially the homologies that are found in comparative anatomy and molecular biology of many different species -- much of the empirical evidence that was formerly believed to support the neo-Darwinian mechanism of chance mutation coupled with natural selection has melted away like snow on a spring morning, through better observation and more careful analysis.Marxist, Freudian and neo-Darwinist systems of thought ultimately failed for the same reason; that they sought to use mechanistic reductionism to explain and predict systems that we now know are complexity-related, and cannot be explained as the sum of their parts.
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Indien de theorie onjuist is, en men kan dit aantonen, dan moet men dat doen.
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In the case of neo-Darwinism, it was not the mysteries of the mind or of the economy that were explained. It was the origin of the first single-celled organism in the primeval oceans, and its development into the plant and animal kingdoms of today by a strictly blind process of chance genetic mutation working with natural selection.
In the first five decades of this century -- the heyday of the theory -- zoologists, palaeontologists and comparative anatomists assembled the impressive exhibits that generations of school children have seen in Natural History Museums the world over: the evolution of the horse family; the fossils that illustrate the transition from fish to amphibian to reptile to mammal; and the discovery of astonishing extinct species such as "Archaeopteryx", apparently half-reptile, half-bird.
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Ok, laten we even stoppen bij de Archaeopteryx.
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorsprong_van_de_vogels
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Het lijkt in ieder geval duidelijk dat vogels zijn ontstaan uit een van de leden van de groep van Archosauria, waartoe ook de krokodillen, dinosauriërs en pterosauriërs behoren. De meest gangbare theorie zoekt de directe voorouders van de vogels onder de kleinere vleesetende theropode dinosauriërs.
Probleem bij dit vraagstuk is dat het aantal vogelfossielen uit het Mesozoïcum nog steeds erg klein is. De belangrijkste is waarschijnlijk Archaeopteryx, bij zijn ontdekking in 1861 werd het als hét voorbeeld van een 'missing link' (fossiele overgangsvorm) beschouwd. Archaeopteryx heeft veren en vleugels, maar is in ieder opzicht zeer sterk gelijkend op een reptiel, meer in het bijzonder een theropode dinosauriër. Tot de jaren '80 van de 20e eeuw waren behalve Archaeopteryx alleen Hesperornis en Ichthyornis bekend; sindsdien is vooral uit China een toenemend aantal nieuwe vogelfossielen gekomen (zie Chinese vogelfossielen).
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Voor meer info, zie de pagina.
Over de paarden:
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paardachtigen#Evolutie
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/horses/horse_evol.html
http://www.txtwriter.com/Backgrounde.../EVpage03.html
http://pharyngula.org/index/weblog/c...tocene_horses/
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Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door txtwriter.com
The Evolution of Horses
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Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door txtwriter.com
One of the best studied cases in the fossil record concerns the evolution of horses. Modern-day members of the Equidae include horses, zebras, donkeys and asses, all of which are large, long-legged, fast-running animals adapted to living on open grasslands. These species, all classified in the genus Equus, are the last living descendants of a long lineage that has produced 34 genera since its origin in the Eocene Period, approximately 55 million years ago. Examination of these fossils has provided a particularly well-documented case of how evolution has proceeded by adaptation to changing environments.
The First Horse
The earliest known members of the horse family, species in the genus Hyracotherium, didn't look much like horses at all. Small, with short legs and broad feet (figure 5), these species occurred in wooded habitats, where they probably browsed on leaves and herbs and escaped predators by dodging through openings in the forest vegetation. The evolutionary path from these diminutive creatures to the workhorses of today has involved changes in a variety of traits, including:
Size.
The first horses were no bigger than dogs, with some considerably smaller. By contrast, modern equids can weigh more than a half ton. Examination of the fossil record reveals that horses changed little in size for their first 30 million years, but since then, a number of different lineages exhibited rapid and substantial increases. However, trends toward decreased size were also exhibited among some branches of the equid evolutionary tree (figure 6).
Toe Reduction.
The feet of modern horses have a single toe, enclosed in a tough, bony hoof. By contrast, Hyracotherium had four toes on its front feet and three on its hindfeet. Rather than hooves, these toes were encased in fleshy pads. Examination of the fossils clearly shows the transition through time: increase in length of the central toe, development of the bony hoof, and reduction and loss of the other toes (figure 7). As with body size, these trends occurred concurrently on several different branches of the horse evolutionary tree. At the same time as these developments, horses were evolving changes in the length and skeletal structure of the limbs, leading to animals capable of running long distances at high speeds.
Tooth Size and Shape.
The teeth of Hyracotherium were small and relatively simple in shape. Though time, horse teeth have increased greatly in length and have developed a complex patter o ridges on their molars and premolars (figure 7).
The effect of these changes is to produce teeth better capable of chewng tough gritty vegetation, such as grass, which tends to wear teeth down. Accompanying these changes have been alterations in the shape of the skull that strengthened the skull to [FONT=Times New Roman,Georgia,Times]withstand the stresses imposed by continual chewing. As with body size, evolutionary change has not been constant through time. Rather, much of the change in tooth shape has occurred within the past 20 million years.
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Over successive decades, these exhibits have been first disputed, then downgraded, and finally shunted off to obscure museum basements, as further research has shown them to be flawed or misconceived.
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Onbewezen claim, geen referenties.
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Anyone educated in a western country in the last forty years will recall being shown a chart of the evolution of the horse from "Eohippus", a small dog-like creature in the Eocene period 50 million years ago, to "Mesohippus", a sheep-sized animal of 30 million years ago, eventually to "Dinohippus", the size of a Shetland pony.
This chart was drawn in 1950 by Harvard's professor of palaeontology George Simpson, to accompany his standard text book, Horses, which encapsulated all the research done by the American Museum of Natural History in the previous half century.
Simpson plainly believed that his evidence was incontrovertible because he wrote, 'The history of the horse family is still one of the clearest and most convincing for showing that organisms really have evolved. . . There really is no point nowadays in continuing to collect and to study fossils simply to determine whether or not evolution is a fact. The question has been decisively answered in the affirmative.' 2
Yet shortly after this affirmation, Simpson admits in passing that the chart he has drawn contains major gaps that he has not included: a gap before "Eohippus" and its unknown ancestors, for example, and another gap after "Eohippus" and before its supposed descendant "Mesohippus". 3 What is it, scientifically, that connects these isolated species on the famous chart if it is not fossil remains? And how could such unconnected examples demonstrate either genetic mutation or natural selection?
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Lees deze pagina:
http://pharyngula.org/index/weblog/c...tocene_horses/
En dan deze: http://biology.plosjournals.org/perl...l.pbio.0030241
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Even though, today, the bones themselves have been relegated to the basement, the famous chart with its unproven continuity still appears in museum displays and handbooks, text books, encyclopaedias and lectures.
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Zie de 2 pagina's die ik hierboven vermeld.
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The remarkable "Archaeopteryx" also seems at first glance to bear out the neo-Darwinian concept of birds having evolved from small reptiles (the candidate most favoured by neo-Darwinists is a small agile dinosaur called a Coelosaur, and this is the explanation offered by most text books and museums.) Actually, such a descent is impossible because coelosaurs, in common with most other dinosaurs, did not posses collar bones while "Archaeopteryx", like all birds, has a modified collar bone to support its pectoral muscles.4 Again, how can an isolated fossil, however remarkable, provide evidence of beneficial mutation or natural selection?
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Van de eerdere wiki pagina:
Citaat:
Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door wiki
Afgezien daarvan waren in feite echter ook toen al bij een aantal dinosauriërs wel degelijk dergelijke vorkbeenderen aangetroffen, en tegenwoordig zijn de meeste paleontologen het er over eens dat de dinosauriëroorsprong van vogels waarschijnlijk de juiste is. De reden voor deze consensus ligt in een nieuwe methode om de verwantschap tussen levensvormen te analyseren: de cladistiek (of kladistiek). Hierbij worden systematisch alle eigenschappen van de te onderzoeken groep vormen op een rijtje gezet; een computerprogramma rekent dan de stamboom uit die het geringste aantal evolutionaire "stappen" (veranderingen) nodig heeft en dus het meest waarschijnlijk is. Onveranderlijk tonen alle moderne cladistische analyses aan dat het "astronomisch" onwaarschijnlijk is dat vogels zich niet in de groep van de Theropoda zouden bevinden. Tegenwoordig plegen binnen de cladistiek de groepen zelfs zo gedefinieerd te worden dat vogels al per definitie tot de steeds nauwer omschreven groepen van de Theropoda, Tetanurae, Avetheropoda, Coelurosauria, Maniraptoriformes, Maniraptora en Eumaniraptora behoren, iets wat het feitelijke probleem van hun afkomst echter nog niet oplost en het gevaar in zich draagt dat al deze zeer gebruikelijke namen waardeloos raken, als mocht blijken dat de vogels toch niet nauw aan de dinosauriërs verwant zijn.
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Neo-Darwinists were quick to claim that modern discoveries of molecular biology supported their theory. They said, for example, that if you analyse the DNA, the genetic blueprint, of plants and animals you find how closely or distantly they are related. That studying DNA sequences enables you to draw up the precise family tree of all living things and show how they are related by common ancestry.
This is a very important claim and central to the theory. If true, it would mean that animals neo-Darwinists say are closely related, such as two reptiles, would have greater similarity in their DNA than animals that are not so closely related, such as a reptile and a bird.
Fifteen years ago molecular biologists working under Dr Morris Goodman at Michigan University decided to test this hypothesis. They took the alpha haemoglobin DNA of two reptiles -- a snake and a crocodile -- which are said by Darwinists to be closely related, and the haemoglobin DNA of a bird, in this case a farmyard chicken.
They found that the two animals who had _least_ DNA sequences in common were the two reptiles, the snake and the crocodile. They had only around 5% of DNA sequences in common -- only one twentieth of their haemoglobin DNA. The two creatures whose DNA was closest were the crocodile and the chicken, where there were 17.5% of sequences in common -- nearly one fifth. The actual DNA similarities were the _reverse_ of that predicted by neo-Darwinism. 5
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Dit komt van Jonathan D. Sarfati, en klopt niet echt.
http://members.cox.net/ardipithecus/evol/HovindLie.html
Citaat:
Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door HovindLie.html
Since this file was created Sarfati dropped the claim and replaced it with yet another false claim that is dealt with in previous link. Sarfati also states "The a-hemoglobin of crocodiles has more in common with that of a chicken that that of a viper (their fellow reptiles)." Well I certainly hope that the [FONT='Symbol']a[/FONT] chain of hemoglobin of a crocodile and a chicken are closer to each than between a crocodile and a viper. That is exactly what one would expect if evolution was true. Sarfati is taking advantage of a misconception most people have. That misconception is a naïve idea of what organisms are more closely related by evolution. Two reptiles are more closely related too each other than to a non-reptile—? Wrong. What really counts which organisms have to most recent common ancestor. Crocodiles have a more recent common ancestor with a chiken (or any bird for that matter) than it does with a viper (or any snake). The more recent the common ancestor, the less time a protein has to accumulate changes. Thus this fact that Sarfati claims is contrary to evolution is what one should expect if evolution is true. Sarfati is either being dishonest or he is both incompetent and poorly read in a field he is attacking.
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Citaat:
Even more baffling is the fact that radically different genetic coding can give rise to animals that look outwardly very similar and exhibit similar behaviour, while creatures that look and behave completely differently can have much in common genetically. There are, for instance, more than 3,000 species of frogs, all of which look superficially the same. But there is a greater variation of DNA between them than there is between the bat and the blue whale.
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Zie boven.
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Further, if neo-Darwinist evolutionary ideas of gradual genetic change were true, then one would expect to find that simple organisms have simple DNA and complex organisms have complex DNA.
In some cases, this is true. The simple nematode worm is a favourite subject of laboratory study because its DNA contains a mere 100,000 nucleotide bases. At the other end of the complexity scale, humans have 23 chromosomes which in total contain 3,000 million nucleotide bases.
Unfortunately, this promisingly Darwinian progression is contradicted by many counter examples. While human DNA is contained in 23 pairs of chromosomes, the humble goldfish has more than twice as many, at 47. The even humbler garden snail -- not much more than a glob of slime in a shell -- has 27 chromosomes. Some species of rose bush have 56 chromosomes.
So the simple fact is that DNA analysis does _not_ confirm neo-Darwinist theory. In the laboratory, DNA analysis falsifies neo-Darwinist theory.
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Dit is iets dat genehunter beter kan uitleggen dan ik, maar het aantal chromosomen is niet de belangrijkste eigenschap van DNA, dit is enkel de "verpakking".
Zie deze pagina voor een discussie tussen Jim Foley & Richard Milton (de auteur van dit stukje brandhout): http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/milton.html
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An even more damaging blow to the theory was the discovery that the very centrepiece of neo-Darwinism, Darwin's original conception of natural selection, or the survival of the fittest, is fatally flawed.
The problem is: how can biologists (or anyone else) tell what characteristics constitute the animal or plant's 'fitness' to survive? How can you tell which are the fit animals and plants?
The answer is that the only way to define the fit is by means of a post-hoc rationalisation -- the fit must be "those who survived". While the only way to characterise uniquely those who survive is as "the fit". The central proposition of the Darwinian argument turns out to be an empty tautology.
C.H. Waddington, professor of biology at Edinburgh University wrote; "Natural selection, which was at first considered as though it were a hypothesis that was in need of experimental or observational confirmation, turns out on closer inspection to be a tautology, a statement of an inevitable although previously unrecognised relation. It states that the fittest individuals in a population (defined as those who leave the most offspring) will leave most offspring. Once the statement is made, its truth is
apparent." 6
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http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CA/CA211_1.html
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Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door talkorigins
The fact that the theory of natural selection is difficult to test has led some people, anti-Darwinists and even some great Darwinists, to claim that it is a tautology [see CA500]. A tautology like 'All tables are tables' is not, of course, testable; nor has it any explanatory power. It is therefore most surprising to hear that some of the greatest contemporary Darwinists themselves formulate the theory in such a way that it amounts to the tautology that those organisms that leave most offspring leave most offspring. C. H. Waddington says somewhere (and he defends this view in other places) that 'Natural selection . . . turns out ... to be a tautology' ..4 However, he attributes at the same place to the theory an 'enormous power. ... of explanation'. Since the explanatory power of a tautology is obviously zero, something must be wrong here.
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zie ook http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CA/CA500.html
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George Simpson, professor of paleontology at Harvard, sought to restore content to the idea of natural selection by saying; "If genetically red-haired parents have, on average, a larger proportion of children than blondes or brunettes, then evolution will be in the direction of red hair. If genetically left-handed people have more children, evolution will be towards left-handedness. The characteristics themselves do not directly matter at all. All that matters is who leaves more descendants over the generations. Natural selection favours fitness only if you define fitness as leaving more descendants. In fact geneticists do define it that way, which maybe confusing to others. To a geneticist, fitness has nothing to do with health, strength, good looks, or anything but effectiveness in breeding." 7
Notice the words; "The characteristics themselves do not directly matter at all." This innocent phrase fatally undermines Darwin's original key conception: that each animal's special physical characteristics are what makes it fit to survive: the giraffe's long neck, the eagle's keen eye, or the cheetah's 60 mile-an-hour sprint.
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Zie http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CA/CA500.html
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Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door talkorigins
- "Survival of the fittest" is a poor way to think about evolution. Darwin himself did not use the phrase in the first edition of Origin of Species. What Darwin said is that heritable variations lead to differential reproductive success. This is not circular or tautologous. It is a prediction that can be, and has been, experimentally verified (Weiner 1994).
- The phrase cannot be a tautology if it is not trivially true. Yet there have been theories proposing that the fittest individuals perish:
- Alpheus Hyatt proposed that lineages, like individuals, inevitably go through stages of youth, maturity, old age, and death. Towards the end of this cycle, the fittest individuals are more likely to perish than others (Hyatt 1866; Lefalophodon n.d.).
- The theory of orthogenesis says that certain trends, once started, kept progressing even though they become detrimental and lead to extinction. For example, it was held that Irish elks, which had enormous antlers, died out because the size increase became too much to support.
- The "fittest" individuals could be considered those that are ideally suited to a particular environment. Such ideal adaptation, however, comes at the cost of being more poorly adapted to other environments. If the environment changes, the fittest individuals from it will no longer be well adapted to any environment, and the less fit but more widely adapted organisms will survive.
- The fittest, to Darwin, were not those which survived, but those which could be expected to survive on the basis of their traits. For example, wild dogs selectively prey on impalas which are weaker according to bone marrow index (Pole et al. 2003). With that definition, survival of the fittest is not a tautology. Similarly, survival can be defined not in terms of the individual's life span, but in terms of leaving a relatively large contribution to the next generation. Defined thus, survival of the fittest becomes more or less what Darwin said, and is not a tautology.
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Citaat:
Simpson's reformulation means all this must be dropped: it is not the characteristics that directly matter -- it is the animals' capacity to reproduce themselves. The race is not to the swift, after all, but merely to the prolific. So how can neo-Darwinism explain the enormous diversity of characteristics?
Not only are neo-Darwinist ideas falsified by empirical research, but other puzzling and extraordinary findings have come to light in recent decades, suggesting that evolution is not blind but rather is in some unknown way _directed_. The experiments of Cairns at Harvard and Hall at Rochester University suggest that microorganisms can mutate in a way that is beneficial.8
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Valse argumentatie, het is niet omdat theorie 'A' mogelijk foutief is dat theorie 'B' bewezen is. Enne, helaas voor Richard... is'm nog maar eens mis in zijn conclusie.
Hier vind je het artikel van Cairns waarnaar hier verwezen wordt:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/q...t_uids=3045565
Citaat:
Experiments with tobacco plants and flax demonstrate genetic change through the effects of fertilisers alone.9 Experiments with sea squirts and salamanders as long ago as the 1920s appeared to demonstrate the inheritance of acquired characteristics.10 Moreover, as Sir Fred Hoyle has pointed out, Fossil micro-organisms have been found in meteorites, indicating that life is universal -- not a lucky break in the primeval soup. This view is shared by Sir Francis Crick, co-discoverer of the function of DNA.11
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Info over Fred Hoyle:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle
Ik heb nergens bevestiging gevonden van Francis Crick's bevestiging dat het leven universeel is, als iemand een linkje weet....
In ieder geval zou het moeten duidelijk zijn dat bovenstaand stukje tekst met een stevige korrel zout genomen moet worden.
Oh, over die flax:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal.../181928a0.html
Citaat:
Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door nature.com
EXPERIMENTS carried out over a number of years have shown that remarkably large differences can be produced in the weight of flax plants as a result of the effect of the environment on previous generations of plants. In one experiment, all eight combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer treatments were applied to forty plants of an inbred, self-fertilizing variety in the damp, dull season of 1954. The progeny, which were grown under a uniform set of fertilizer treatments, were cut at ground-level at maturity and weighed. The differences in the weights of the progeny (C 1 1955) due to the parental treatments are shown in Table 1. Some types are as much as two and three times the weights of others and, with the exception of the nitrogen plot, they are closely correlated with the weights produced by applying the fertilizers directly to the plants (Table 1, C 0 1955).
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In the light of discoveries of this kind, the received wisdom of neo-Darwinism is no longer received so uncritically.A new generation of biologists is subjecting the theory to the cold light of empirical investigation and finding it inadequate;scientists like Dr Rupert Sheldrake, Dr Brian Goodwin, professor of biology at the Open University and Dr Peter Saunders, professor of mathematics at King's College London.
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Hmmm... geen quotes? Ik vond ze ook niet.
In ieder geval:
Rupert Sheldrake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Sheldrake
Brian Goodwin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Goodwin
Peter Saunders vond ik niet direct terug, echter, richard lijkt evolutie te verwarren met darwinism (nee, dat is niet hetzelfde) aangezien deze heren wel de evolutietheorie lijken te ondersteunen, volgens Richard zelf dan nog!
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/milton5a2.html
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Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door Richard
There are plenty of scientists (including professional
biologists) who are evolutionists but who are not Darwinists. Dr Rupert
Sheldrake is a good example. Professor Brian Goodwin is probably another.
Professor Fred Hoyle is a third. If you wish me to I will circulate the
membership of the Scientific and Medical Network with the question: "Do you
consider yourself a Darwinist?" and let you know the result.
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Citaat:
Not surprisingly, the work of this new generation is heresy to the old. When Rupert Sheldrake's book A New Science of Life with its revolutionary theory of morphic resonance was published in 1981, the editor of "Nature" magazine, John Maddox, ran an editorial calling for the book to be burned -- a sure sign that Sheldrake is onto something important, many will think. 12, 13
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Foutieve conclusie & geen bewijs. (Nee, 't is niet omdat John Maddox een crise krijgt dat de hele wetenschappelijke wereld gelijkaardig reageert of denkt.)
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The current mood in biology was summed up recently by Sheldrake as, 'Rather like working in Russia under Brehznev. Many biologists have one set of beliefs at work, their official beliefs, and another set, their real beliefs, which they can speak openly about only among friends. They may treat living things as mechanical in the laboratory but when they go home they don't treat their families as inanimate machines.'
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Zonder het volledige artikel kan deze ene quote vanalles betekenen.
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It is a strange aspect of science in the twentieth century that while physics has had to submit to the indignity of a principle of uncertainty and physicists have become accustomed to such strange entities as matter-waves and virtual particles, many of their colleagues down the corridor in biology seem not to have noticed the revolution of quantum electrodynamics. As far as many biologists are concerned, matter is made of billiard balls which collide with Newtonian certainty, and they carry on building molecular models out of coloured ping-pong balls.
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Ok, als iemand een idee heeft wat Richard hier bedoeld, let me know.
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One of the twentieth century's most distinguished scientists and Nobel laureates, physicist Max Planck, observed that; 'A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it.'
It may be another decade or more before such a new generation grows up and restores intellectual rigour to the study of evolutionary biology.
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Oh the irony...
__________________
Citaat:
Oorspronkelijk geplaatst door lamenielachen
politiek België lijkt meer op een inktvis met veel grabbelende armen in de staatskas en inkt spuitend omdat niemand het zou zien.
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Stephen F. Roberts: "...I contend that we are both atheists. I just believe in one fewer god than you do. When you understand why you dismiss all the other possible gods, you will understand why I dismiss yours."
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